Dissertações em Ciências Ambientais (Mestrado) - PPGCA/IG
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2855
O Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciências Ambientais teve início em 2005 e funciona no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais (PPGCA) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) em parceria com o Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) e a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA/Amazônia Oriental).
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Dissertação Acesso aberto (Open Access) Comunidade de insetos bentônicos em igarapés do nordeste paraense - Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-08-31) MONTELES, Josinete Sampaio; GERHARD, Pedro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5621269098705408This study aimed to know the community of benthic insects in 17 streams in northeastern Pará, Eastern Amazonia under different land uses and investigate the variations in the abundance, richness and diversity of aquatic insect community to vegetation cover the immediate surrounding area (riparian zone) and landscape (slopes of the watershed where it enters the stream sampled). The benthic macroinvertebrates were collected between July and October 2010, the period of lowest rainfall. At each point were made to 10 Surber samples for quantitative analysis and three hand-net only qualitative character. To evaluate differences between the richness, EPT abundance and diversity, we used an ANOVA and cluster analysis to summarize the biotic data. For differences in the scales of study were then used an ANOSIM and routine SIMPER. Environmental characteristics were also evaluated searching to correlate them to the taxonomic composition and distribution of taxa by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). A total of 46,371 individuals were collected, in which 11,384 with Surber, distributed in 61 taxa with a predominance of aquatic insects. The highest abundances were observed Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera. Abundance, richness and EPT were greater in sections of streams to riparian vegetation and watershed predominantly of igapó anthropic forest (references). The environmental variables of greatest influence on the community were percentage of forest environment in the riparian zone, average water temperature, turbidity, percentage of coarse and fine litter, pH, flow channel and coefficient of variation of channel width. The results showed differences in community composition in relation to different land uses. Through the ecological descriptors, it was detected that the watershed with the highest percentage of anthropic forest area and successional and higher percentage of riparian vegetation surrounding (30m) showed better environmental conditions than those dominated pastures.Dissertação Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeito da fragmentação e o isolamento da paisagem na riqueza e composição de espécies de lagartos no Reservatório de Tucuruí, Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-08-29) LIMA, Crisalda de Jesus dos Santos; FERREIRA, Leandro Valle; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8103998556619871Appear of many studies published in tropical regions showing the effect on forest fragmentation and landscape isolation in biotic communities most studies have been made in continental regions. The impact of fragmentation and isolation of landscape in hydroelectric artificial reservoir are still poorly studies in the Amazonian. This study was done in island forest remain fragments created by the construction of the Tucurui Hydroelectric dam in the Para State, Brazil. The objectives of the study is to compare the islands on both sides of the reservoir in relation to the total size, total core area size, plot shape and degree of isolation to demonstrated the role of island to protected the local biota in landscape level and assess the species richness, abundance and species composition of the communities of lizard in the islands in local scale. At landscape level were chosen 199 islands in both margin of reservoir using satellite image of 2005. The total size of island varied from 3 to 1,768 hectares, being that 40% of island has less than 10 hectares in size. The islands have a significant loss of size, varying from 22% to 100% in relation to edge effects. There is no significant difference of the total size, total core area size and total edge of islands in relation to reservoir margins. However, the islands situated in the left margin of reservoir have high degree of isolation in compare to island from right margin. Most of the island analyzed in the Tucurui reservoir have small sizes, high loss of total area due to edge effects and irregular plot shape, all contributing. At local scale the lizard community was sampled in five field expedition carried out from January to July of 2005, using two methods of collect, transects and traps of interception and fall. We selected 12 islands based on total size, degree of isolation and position in relation to reservoir margin. We recorded 837 individuals of lizard distributed in 16 species. The most abundant species were Gonatodes humeralis and Coleodactylus amazonicus (Gekkonidae). The curve of total number of species in relation to field expedition reached the asymptote, showing that the five expeditions were sufficient to determine local species richness in the sampled island, corresponding to 84% of the total number of species determined by Jackknife 1 species richness estimator. There is significant difference in the species richness in relation to field expeditions, being highest species richness obtained from the third field expedition carried out from April to May of 2005. There is no significant difference in the species richness and number of individuals in relation to reservoir margins. There is significant and positive difference between the species richness in relation to size of island. There is no significant difference in the abundance of lizards in relation to size of island. There is significant difference in the species richness of lizards in relation to degrees of isolation of island, being the isolation lower in the more remote islands. However, the abundance of lizards in relation to degree of isolation of islands was not significant. There is no significant difference in the species richness in relation to open canopy and volume of litter. There is significant and positive difference between the species richness in relation to density of trunk falls and trees lives. There is no difference in the abundance of lizards in relation to forest structure parameters analyzed in the study. Finally there is no difference in the species composition of lizards in relation to reservoir margins, indicating that the Tocantins River in the sampled area analyzed in the study is not one important biogeography barrier to this group.Dissertação Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeito do tamanho da área florestada, grau de isolamento e distância de estradas na estruturação de comunidades de aranhas em Alter do Chão, Santarém, Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-10-24) SILVA, Bruno José Ferreira da; BONALDO, Alexandre Bragio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8721994758453503; ALBERNAZ, Ana Luisa Kerti Mangabeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1220240487835422As forest destruction and fragmentation advance throughout the Brazilian Amazon, it has become important to determine how these processes affect the fauna in various vegetation types in order to predict impacts and the conservation value of habitat fragments for different animal taxa. Invertebrates are useful bio-indicators because of their adaptive and dispersal potential and intimate connections with the environment. The use of spiders to evaluate forest fragmentation is recent and only slightly employed, although the group is mega-diverse and biologically tied to environmental composition and structure. This study used spiders to evaluate the effects of forest fragment size, degree of isolation, and distance to roads in 15 forest islands in a savanna matrix and 6 areas of continuous forest, in Alter do Chão district, Santarém municipality, Pará state, Brazil. Capture of spiders involved 252 man-hours of effort with an entomological umbrella and manual nocturnal collections. Transects of 250 m were collected three times, and the summed results of each transect comprised a sample unit. In total, 7751 spiders were captured, including 5477 immature and 2274 adult specimens in 306 species belonging to 32 families. Spider community characteristics, analyzed by MDS (Multidimensional Scaling) with Bray-Curtis distance, showed separation between continuous forest and forest fragment habitats. For species with more than 10 individuals in the collections, an analysis was made of the response to the first dimension of ordination, and a direct ordination was made using characteristics of each collection area (distance from the forest island to continuous forest, area of forest fragment, and form index of the forest island). GLM analysis, used to evaluate the effects of environmental degradation, showed significant differences for number of trees in each forest fragment and for distance to roads: forest fragmentation was significant to spider communities only in terms of size of forest fragment (on axis 1 of the MDS). An ANOVA used to compare species richness showed greater richness in continuous forest, differing from the result of rarefaction curves that predict slightly higher species richness in forest islands. The hierarchical standard of the spider community was obtained with the Nestedness Temperature Calculator Program–Nestcalc.Dissertação Acesso aberto (Open Access) A efetividade das unidades de conservação e das terras indígenas na contenção do desflorestamento na Amazônia Legal(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) NUNES, Tássia do Socorro Serra; FERREIRA, Leandro Valle; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8103998556619871Was investigated the effectiveness of the Conservation Units of Integral Protection, Conservation Units of Sustainable Use and Indigenous Lands in the inhibition of deforestation in the Amazon. Data analysis was processed in GIS (Geographic Information System) in ArcGIS 9.3. The statistical model developed to test the effectiveness of Protected Areas was based on the difference between the observed deforestation in Protected Areas and deforestation in Protected Areas estimated from the surrounding five kilometers and ten kilometers of Protected Areas. It was found that in forest area by the year 2007, the Protected Areas occupy approximately 40% of the Amazon. Conservation Units of Integral Protection occupied 7.5% of the Amazon, Conservation Units of Sustainable Use occupied 11.2% of the Amazon and Indigenous Lands occupied 21% of the Amazon. Was a significant difference in the proportion of area occupied by the types of Protected Areas among the Amazonian states. It was noted also that the internal rate of deforestation in the Conservation Units of Integral Protection and in the Indigenous Lands was lower than in the Conservation Units of Sustainable Use. The internal rate of deforestation in the Protected Areas was much lower than the rate of deforestation is external to these areas in the states of Mato Grosso, Para and Rondonia. According to the statistical model of effectiveness, 62.3% of the Protected Areas studied were effective in containing the deforestation. This model is an important instrument to direct public policy planning for the conservation of the Amazon, because it indicates the protected areas most threatened by deforestation. It is essential to establish urgently the creation of more Protected Areas in the Amazon and the consolidation of existing protected areas, since it is not known how long these areas will be able to maintain without the minimum necessary for their support.Dissertação Acesso aberto (Open Access) Estrutura de comunidades de peixes de igarapés de três pequenas bacias de drenagem sob uso de Agricultura Familiar no Nordeste Paraense(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-11-26) CORRÊA, Jean Michel; GERHARD, Pedro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5621269098705408; FIGUEIREDO, Ricardo de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2388049759708934Stream fish species can be distributed in space and time and in an organized pattern, which can be observed on the association of groups of species and their relationship to certain habitats. The reduced number of studies and the scarce knowledge on the aquatic fauna in Amazon contribute to the under-estimation of the magnitude of impacts upon lotic habitats and stream fish fauna. The Bragantina Region, in the northeast portion of Pará, is an example of an old agricultural frontier in the Amazon. Smallholder farming in the area is expressive, the main cultures are corn, caupi, and cassava, and semi-perennial cultures, such as “maracujá” (passion fruit) and “pimenta-do-reino” (black pepper). The areas of familiar production are a dominant feature of the landscape, thus contributing to most of the soil and aquatic ecosystem degradation. Aiming at the description of stream fish communities and its relations to environmental variables, a two-year study was carried out in eight reaches of three streams located in this region: Cumaru, São João and Pachibá streams. After nine monthly collections, 2.117 fishes were collected, distributed in seven orders, 13 families, 27 genera and 43 species. The most abundant species in all samples was Hypessobrycon heterorhabudus, totalling 337 individuals, followed by Bryconops caudomaculatus, with 326 individuals. The species richness was highest in a Pachibá stream reach (IGPA-B), with 21 species. Simpson’s diversity index showed the highest species dominance in a Cumaru stream reach, while Shannon’s diversity index showed that the IGPA-B had the greatest diversity. Iguanodectes spirulus was the most constant species, occurring in 50% of samples. The similarity between the environments showed that the distribution of species followed a longitudinal pattern instead of a geographic pattern. Land use, specially small farms, did not affect the ichthyofauna, since the low intensification of this activity still permit some integrity to aquatic ecosystem. However, as agriculture system intensification increases in the future, we do not know what will be the ecosystem response.Dissertação Acesso aberto (Open Access) Fungos poróides (Agaricomycetes) na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã: fenologia e relação com o substrato, topografia e fatores micrometeorológicos(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-03-30) MEDEIROS, Priscila Sanjuan de; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350This study was conducted in one of the sites of Amazon Biodiversity Program (PPBio) located in the Caxiuanã National Forest (PA) and aimed to present the poroid fungi with emphasis on new record, analyze the relationship of these fungi with the woody substrate and to examine the association between micrometeorological variables (air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) for one year, in relation to environmental variables, produced by topography, with richness, density, and phenology of these fungi. Were identified 76 species of poroid fungi, distributed in 27 genera and 5 families. The species Cerrena sclerodepsis, Phellinus dependens and Trametes pavonia represent the first records for the Pará state. Microporellus iguazuensis is mentioned for the first time in Brazil and presents the proposal of a new species to science, called Microporellus hirsuta. Most of the species was considered rare and showed preference for substrates in the early decomposition stages. The number of occurrences of basidiomata and fungi species was higher on the stem of the families plants Caesalpinaceae, Sapotaceae, Annonaceae, Mimosaceae and Lecythidaceae, respectively, and at substrate with a smaller diameter. It was expected that differences in microclimate generated by different altitudes, in a short topographic gradient, were sufficient to generate differences in the poroid fungal community. However, although it was found a greater number of species in a region called the intermediate, this difference was not significant. The largest number of individuals was found in the first rains and the richness is positively correlated with rainfall. The activity index of basidioma production of the abundant species was higher during the first rains after the dry period. This study represents an advance in understanding the relationships of the fungi with the environment in which they grow, mainly in tropical regions, but many studies still need to be developed to clarify these relationships.