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Dissertações em Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento (Mestrado) - PPGTPC/NTPC

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2333

O Mestrado Acadêmico iniciou-se em 1987 e pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento (PPGTPC), que integra o Núcleo de Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento(NTPC) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral por cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes soropositivos de uma Unidade de Saúde do Estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-02) BRANCO, Caroline Mota; FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6600933695027723
The adhesion to treatment has been receiving a lot of attention in Health´s Psychology these years. Studies in this area reveal that the patients who don't take part in the treatment cannot receive benefits of therapeutical intervention. The literature about adhesion in the anti-retroviral´s treatment reveals that is the caretaker who usually has the responsibility for managing soropositive children and teenager´s treatment. This study aims to describe the standard adhesion of caretakers treatment who live in the State of Pará, identifying the variables that interfere in their participation. It still reveals the types of cope strategies used to deal with the adverse conditions of soropositivity. For that, it was carried out a descriptive study, of transverse cut, with 30 caretakers, enrolled in the “Unidade de Referência Materno-infantil e Adolescente do Estado do Pará” (UREMIA), using, as instruments of data collection, an interview with caretakers - which investigated socialdemografic, clinical and psicosocial children and teenager's aspects - and the “Escala Modos of Enfrentamento de Problemas” (EMEP). Concerning to caretakers participation, it was observed that some conditions facilitated the treatment´s adhesion. Those conditions were related to varied of family organization (such as the number of people that lived in a house), to the history of treatment interruption and the self-report of caretakers about the fulfilment standard which should be emitted about the success (or failure) of the adhesion. The influence of those varied demonstrated the influence of behavior control made by rules, because the caretakers emitted the fulfillment standard classified as "adhesion" in order to avoid being in contact with the aversive consequences of the non-continuation of the treatment. Concerning to the cope strategies, it was showed a major grade for Factor 3, emphasizing the use of strategies focused on religious practices and/or imaginative thoughts. This research verified that the caretakers of the sample avoided thinking about the soropositivity problem as it is really constituted, using religious thoughts or "magic" to continue working with the daily routine of the subject coping, which involved the condition of children and teenager’s soropositivity. Based on all this data, this research suggests that more studies should be carried out in order to investigate themes related to the function of social contigences about the behavior of children and teenager’s caretakers from Pará, and also investigate aspects concerned to the diagnosis revealing.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da investigação dos determinantes do comportamento homossexual humano
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-07-21) MENEZES, Aline Beckmann de Castro; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The behavior determination debate lasts since Antiquity, usually based in dichotomic arguments. Actual tendency of behavior determination comprehension points out to an interacionist perspective, analyzing genetic, biological and environmental influences combined over behavior. Many empirical researches have been developed to identify which factors are responsible for a specific behavior. Considering impossible to make a complete study of human behavior determinants, it was chosen to focus into a specific padron the homosexual behavior. Since Antiquity until nowadays, homosexual behavior determinants have been debated. Besides, this subject concerns to a large amount of people and reflects in important social issues. The present study had the purpose of analyzing which are the empiric evidences about homosexual behavior determination, through three stages: (1) historic evolution of the behavior determination, with emphasis on the methodologies applied; (2) presentation and discussion of the main research strategies about homosexual behavior determination, with emphasis on the critical analysis of data; (3) discussion of research implications and possible empirical follow-up. A bibliographic search was conducted, identifying six main research strings: hormonal measures, hormonal effects, genetic, cerebral functioning, animal models and environmental effects. Each research methodology and results were critically analyzed. Then, politics influence over research and the ethical consequences of data release were discussed; as existing data were organized into a proposal to understand the phenomena. It is expected to have contributed to a general description of the actual stage of homosexual behavior determinants as to a critical perspective over methodologies applied.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise do comportamento de crianças seus acompanhantes e auxiliares de enfermagem durante a punção venosa em sessão de quimioterapia ambulatorial
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-03-29) LEMOS, Isabela Porpino; FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6600933695027723
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Um análogo experimental de uma prática cultural: efeitos de um produto agregado contingente, mas não contíguo, sobre uma contigência de reforçamento entrelaçada
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-04) LOPES, Eduardo Barbosa; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
According to Skinner’s causal model of selection by consequences, human behavior is a product of three levels of selection: phylogeny, ontogeny and culture. Empiric investigations of the third level just recently begun in behavior analysis. In the theoretic field, Glenn introduced the concept of Metacontingency to describe functional relations between interlocked reinforcement contingencies and an aggregated outcome responsible for the selection of the interlock. In laboratory, a pioneer work by Vichi, reproduced a metacontingency using a procedure adapted from experimental studies in sociology. Vichi suggests that the interlocking behaviors of a small group of people could be modified by the aggregated outcome produced by the interlock, in this way, characterizing a metacontingency. The present work is a replication of Vichi’s study, with the objective to verify if interlocked behavioral contingencies can in fact be selected by an aggregated outcome contingent to the behaviors of people of a small group microculture. The participants were eight undergraduate students, divided into two groups of four, who accomplished a group task. The task consisted in a problem to solve by choosing a cell in a matrix composed of 8 columns and 8 rows, containing positive and negative signs. On each trial, the participants chose one row and the experimenter chose one column. A positive sign in the intersection of the chosen row and column resulted in gains for the group; a negative sign resulted in losses. The column chosen by the experimenter was contingent to the way in which the gains were distributed by the group (equally or unequally) in the immediately anterior trial. In experimental condition A, the positive sign was contingent to an equal distribution of gains, and in the experimental condition B, the positive sign was contingent to an unequal distribution of gains. Group 1 presented 43% of correct choices (the participants distributed the gains accordingly to the experimental condition imposed), and the group 2 made 19% correct choices. These results showed that procedures which use contingent consequences (win or lose in a trial) without contiguity with the interlock, make it difficult to select such interlock. However, interlocked contingencies of reinforcement were selected by its aggregated outcome under variables not controlled in the experiment. This phenomenon can be characterized as an experimental analogous of a metacontingency. The procedure, possible improvements of the procedure and the complexity of the experimental task are discussed. Emergent superstitious rule patterns of behavior are also discussed.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aplicação de tentativas discretas por cuidadores para o ensino de habilidades verbais a crianças diagnosticadas com autismo
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-08-25) SILVA, Álvaro Júnior Melo e; BARROS, Romariz da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7231331062174024
The cases of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are characterized by persistent deficits in communication and social interaction in multiple contexts. The diagnosis of ASD also involves the presence of repetitive behavior and restricted interests. Considering the need of intervention and the lack of qualified professionals to implement intervention the purpose of this study was to verify the effects of parent-implemented teaching programs (VI) on the performance of children (VD). Participants included three children diagnosed with autism and their respective caregivers. Through a multiple probe design, the independent variable (IV) was selectively implemented on each of the teaching programs. Caregivers carried out the intervention at home and had their performance, and the performance of their children, was evaluated in sessions conducted in the room of the APRENDE Project/UFPA. Their performance was monitored during every session. Two or more programs were selected for each child. Participant 1 reached criterion for performance accuracy in the following programs: "Tact of Actions", "Mand with Autoclitic", and "Intraverbal of Personal Informations" after 7, 13, 19 sessions, respectively. Participant 2 needed 24 to 48 sessions and the Participant 3, 5 to 38 sessions to achieve accuracy in the programs. Data show that the intervention via caregiver, guided by a behavior analyst, can be effective and appropriate to the social-economic context of Brazil, characterized by lack of governm.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Associação entre sintomas de desconforto psicológico em idosos brasileiros e fatores sócio demográficos durante a pandemia da COVID-19
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-08-04) GRANHEN, Yana Wanzeller; PEDROSO, Janari da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4096274367867186; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7602-834X; MAGALHÃES, Celina Maria Colino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1695449937472051
The context of the global pandemic of COVID-19 emerged the vulnerability of the elderly public from the psychological consequences under the analysis of the Life Span perspective, which understands the developmental trajectory in a continuous, contextual, multidimensional, and multidirectional way concerning genetic-biological and sociocultural influences. The study aimed to investigate the association between socio-demographic factors and symptoms of psychological distress in the elderly during the pandemic context of COVID-19. The research has an exploratory nature and was carried out with a sample of 289 elderly Brazilians, aged over 60 years, recruited through the snowball technique, by virtual means (social networks and e-mail). The results obtained indicated a sample mostly female, with schooling ranging from 13 to 18 years old, Christian-Catholic religion, cohabiting with adult members, family income higher than 1,200 reais and occupation of the retirement type. The most frequent symptoms of psychological discomfort were restlessness, insomnia, muscle tension, and the urge to cry in males, family income between 900 and 1.200 reais, and house size smaller than 50 m²; on the other hand, there was no significant relation between religion, family structure, and the number of persons per family. We conclude that there was a significant association between socio-demographic and psychological factors, which indicates that the elderly focus on emotional type coping strategies, being anxiety symptoms the most prominent which suggests a perception about the loss of control about the future and physical vulnerability facing a stressful context.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
B. F. Skinner e o uso do controle aversivo: um estudo histórico-conceitual
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-03-12) MARTINS, Tatiana Evandro Monteiro; MAYER, Paulo César Morales; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5360949596306254; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) is frequently cited as having a contrary position on the use of aversive control. However, in certain passages Skinner presents a more flexible opinion about the use of this type of behavioral control. The purpose of the present study was identifying and analyzing the passages where Skinner prescribes or warns about such use. A historical-conceptual study was conducted involving eight Skinner works (Skinner 1938/1991, 1948/1975, 1953/1989, 1968/1972, 1969/1980, 1971, 1974/2006, 1989), analyzed according to the following categories: 1) the definition of aversive control and concepts involved; 2) the positive aspects of aversive control and prescribing; and 3) the negative aspects of aversive control and prohibitions. It wasn’t possible to find a specific definition of aversive control and it was observed that at certain moments Skinner justifies the use of aversive control, but does not prescribe it in general.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Bem estar em cativeiro: análise e planejamento da ocupação do tempo em macacos-prego (Cebus apella)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) LESSA, Miguel Angelo Monteiro; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Foraging is one of the most important activities and consuming great part of the day time of neotropical primates in the natural environment. In the wild, Capuchins spend up to 80% of their time traveling and foraging in the search for food. On the other side, in captivity no effort is usually required to obtain food. Therefore the opportunity to express foraging activities becomes virtually excluded in captivity. The main objective of this work was to create and evaluate the effectiveness of an environmental enrichment tool called “bowlboard”, designed to difficult access, extending the time devoted to reach food. The observation was carried through in four different contexts, being one in the morning and three in the afternoon, using a focal animal sampling method. The relative duration of each behavioral event was compared in the absence and presence of the enrichment. It was found that the bowller extended foraging time, functioning as instrument of environmental enrichment. A considerable lowering in frequency of abnormal behaviors, while search and manipulation of food was more time consuming.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O conceito de incontrolabilidade na pesquisa experimental e na terapia comportamental da depressão
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) FERREIRA, Darlene Cardoso; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Behavior Analysis offers many explanations for the phenomenon called depression, one of which refers to the model of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness is defined as a learning disability which results from exposure to uncontrollable aversive stimuli. As one of the products of this exposure, there would be the acquisition of behavioral patterns common to those observed in depressed individuals, like inactivity. Because of the parallel among the effects of the experience of uncontrollability on the behavioral repertoire in humans and nonhumans, learned helplessness has been suggested as an animal model of depression. In the literature references to the uncontrollability experience are often found in association with learned helplessness, whose occurrence is strictly linked to that condition. Uncontrollability also seems relevant to the installation of responses identified with depression. In this paper, the definitions of uncontrollability reported by publications in the field of clinical and experimental behavior psychology were described discussing the relevance of this concept in functional explanations of depression in Behavior Analysis and its possible contribution to a model of clinical depression in the light of this approach. The relationship between uncontrollability and depression is treated from five analysis categories: 1) Variability of investigated phenomena, results and definitions offered; 2) Differential effects of uncontrollability in the face of aversive and appetitive stimuli; 3) Cross-sectional approaches of the relevant variables: installers x maintainers, historical x current, exclusive x superimposed on other phenomena; 4) Uncontrollability in humans: numerous assumptions, scarce empirical evidence and verbal contingencies; 5) Treatment of depression: points of contact and distance in face of empirical investigation. The different uses of the concept of uncontrollability are distinguished, indicating how the same verbal topography issued by various authors is controlled by different events. Relevant variables to the generality of learned helplessness as the experimental model and animal equivalent of depression are discussed, justifying the need for more research into aspects such as the correspondence between the concept of uncontrollability and the experimentally established condition in the laboratory, the effects of different types of uncontrollable stimulation, the production of learned helplessness in humans and involvement of verbal processes and the different effects of pre-aversive signaling of uncontrollable stimuli. It is noted that, in general, the behavioranalytic treatment of depression consists of procedures which focus on teaching that responding controls the environment and can provide reinforcements. Also, the role of uncontrollability in the installation of depression is analyzed, concluding, ultimately, that it is a sufficient, yet not necessary condition for the occurrence and/or maintenance of the phenomenon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Critérios utilizados na seleção de parceiras amorosas em relacionamentos de curto e longo prazo entre mulheres de orientação homossexual em idade reprodutiva
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-04-11) CORRÊA, Hellen Vivianni Veloso; BRITO, Regina Célia Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5576436464955236
Different criteria used for partner choice among men and women have been identified. This difference probably stems from the different degrees of parental investment of each gender. Women seem to be predisposed to select partners with characteristics of emotional and material investment, as well as good indications of health. Men, on the other hand, may use the same criteria as women, however, they give more importance to physical appearance and youth. In short and long term relationships the literature indicates that there is a difference in the choices among women. In the first case they have demonstrated to prefer characteristics related to physical health compared to the second type of relationship, in which the emphasis has been focused on partners who are good at providing resources and who have high level of emotional investment. There are few studies that investigated the criteria that homosexual women use in their partner choice. Data from studies investigating the origin of homosexuality suggested the possibility of biological influences. In evolutionary terms, homosexuality could have evolved in part as a byproduct of pleasure evolution, typical from sexual activities. If this hypothesis is correct, the potential for developing a homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual orientation can be enhanced by characteristic environments of particular individuals. This assumption may suggest that the psychological mechanisms for mate choice are similar among women of different sexual orientations. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the preferences in partner choice of 100 women in reproductive period, from 18 to 40 years, who classified themselves as “exclusive homosexual” or “homosexual, and sometimes heterosexual.” For data collection we used two instruments, one for the selection of participants and another for data collection. The instrument of data collection was divided in: 1) Demographic Data, 2) Data from partners, 3) Criteria valued in choosing a partner, 4) Criteria valued in choosing a short and long term partner, 5) Variables related to sexual performance. Participants were contacted by the method a) “snow ball”, b) in bars attended by gay groups and c) in GLBT associations. We specifically investigated the variables involved in choosing short and long term partners and compared the results with data collected by Cruz (2009) with heterosexual women in reproductive period. The results indicated that there is greater preference for physical attributes in short-term relationships among both homosexual and heterosexual women. Attributes related to bonding were more demanded in long-term relationship; possibly because 75.6% of these women have an income and do not depend on their partners to survive, reducing the need for partners who invest in material resources. Homosexual women seem to have the same standards of partner choice as heterosexual ones do.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Discriminação com três tipos de contingências supressivas: extinção, punição e extinção + punição
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) FARIAS, Danielle Chaves de; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
In studies on stimulus control is predominantly used reinforcement in SD and Extinction in SΔ to establish a simple discrimination. Few studies used Punishment in SΔ to establish such a differential responding, however, most of those produced faster learning than traditionally achieved with extinction only. When this type of procedure was used, in general, the electric shock was used as punishment. Carvalho Neto and Cols. have experimented a hot air blast (HAB) as an aversive alternative stimulus and so far successed in suppressive contexts (contingent and non contingent presentation) and negative reinforcement (escape and avoidance). Carvalho Neto and Farias (2006) and Carvalho Neto and Costa (2008) tested the HAB as suppressor in SΔ seeking to produce a light/dark discrimination and punitive contingencies in these studies were more effective than the traditional. However, some methodological problems were identified in these studies that limited their conclusions. This study sought to control some of these variables, in particular, the passage of fixed time and type of scheme in place. Six male rats were divided into three conditions: Extinction, Punishment and Extinction+Punishment. An operant conditioning box adapted to HAB was used. The procedure for the three conditions was the same, except for the sessions of Discrimination Training (reinforcement in SD for all conditions and during SΔ: Extinction for the extinction condition, Punishment for the Punishment condition and Punishment+Extinction for Punishment+Extinction condition). The subjects of the conditionsin wich the punishment was used showed a discriminated responding while the subjects assigned to Extinction condition failed to produce this responding pointing that the use of aversive control was more efficient that the traditional procedure.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Discriminação simples com mudanças sucessivas na função dos estímulos em bebês
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-03) SILVA, Flávia Teresa Neves; SOUZA, Carlos Barbosa Alves de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1264063598919201
This study investigated with three infants, 10 to 14 months-old at the beginning of the experiment, the acquisition of successive shifts of simple discrimination (SSSD), considering that this repertoire can facilitate the identity matching-to-sample (IDMTS) learning, a potential prerequisite for the development of more complex symbolic repertoires. The task consisted of presenting GIFs figures on a touchscreen with a display simulating an IDMTS training: in a simple discrimination trial, first one stimulus alone (SA) was showed and responses to it produced its disappearance, reinforcement and simultaneous presentation of two or three stimuli, one of them the SA, the correct stimulus (S+). Eight trials were programmed by session. The training was intended to initiate by simple discrimination with two stimuli with successive shifts until three different stimuli had functioned once as S+ and once as S- once. Afterwards, simple discrimination training with three stimuli was carried out, until each stimulus had functioned as S+ and S- (one SSSD training cycle). Later, the same procedure would be repeated with a decrease of 50% in reinforcement of the SA presentations for each training cycle, until its total withdraw. Infants reached only the first stage of SSSD training: two participants have learned SSSD with two stimuli and one simple discrimination with two stimuli. The replacement of the stimulus sets throughout the training seems to have generated the best results between the several manipulations intended to favor infants engagement in the task as well as the acquisition of the discriminations. That manipulation, characterized as multiple-exemplar training of certain discriminative repertoire, could be used to teach IDMTS to infants.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
É possível gerar “insight” através do ensino dos pré-requisitos por contingências de reforçamento positivo em Rattus norvegicus?
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) TOBIAS, Gracy Kelly da Silva; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The discussions about creativity indicate difficulties in the definition of what would be an "original" or "creative" pattern and in identifying what variables would control it. Among the interpretations of this phenomenon there is one which is called spontaneous "interconnection of repertoires", when two or more different repertoires, learned in separate, join in new situations producing original sequences of behavior. The problem solving in a sudden way through this interconnection was called "Insight". One process participating in that interconnection would be "Functional Generalization". The present study replicated with some changes, using three rats (Rattus norvegicus) as subjects (S1, S2 and S3), the original work of Epstein (1985b) and investigated the role of "Functional Generalization" in the interconnection of repertoires. The subjects S1 and S2 were taught three different repertoires separately. The S1 learned (1) to push a cube toward a goal, (2) to climb and to rise on the cube and (3) to pull a string. The S2 learned (1) to push the cube with no goal, (2) to climb and to rise on the cube and the (3) to pull a string. The S3 just learned (1) to climb and to rise on cube and (2) to pull a current. After the training they were put into a problem-situation-problem that would demand the interconnection of the learned abilities to arrive to the final step which was to pull a string. The S1 and S2 solved the problem in different ways: one solved in a random way and the other solved after additional training to climb and to pull a string which established important links for the resolution. The S3 didn't solve the problem. The data indicated that functional generalization could be explained as simple generalization and that this would not be a fundamental requirement for the sudden resolution of the problem.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito de diferentes histórias de treino sobre a ocorrência de "insight" em macacos-prego (Cebus spp.)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-03-17) NEVES FILHO, Hernando Borges; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The origin of novel behavior is a multilayered phenomenon that comprehends several distinct processes. One of these processes is known as insightful problem solving. The "insight" could be explained as a result of a spontaneous interconnection of multiple previously learned behavioral repertoires. The objective of this study was to investigate if different performances of insightful problem solving could be produced by different training histories of behavioral prerequisites in Cebus spp. Six subjects were divided in two groups of three subjects each. The prerequisite repertoires taught were: 1) to join two different objects (joining), and; 2) to rake a box with food inside using a tool (raking). The subjects of the first group had an asymmetric training of the two prerequisite repertoires. In this group the joining ability had a short training with a low learning criterion, and an extensive training of the raking ability, with a high learning criterion. The subjects of this group had to obtain more than the double of the number of training sessions for raking, in comparison with the joining repertoire. The other group passed by a symmetric training of the two repertoires, with high learning criterions for both. The subjects of this group passed by the same number of training sessions of joining and raking. In the test situation, a two joinable pieces tool never before handled by the subjects were presented, with a box with food out of range that could only be reached with the joined tool. Most of the subjects successfully solved the final task, with consistent results depending on the type of training. Only one subject of the asymmetric group didn’t solve the task. The topographies of solving were highly dependable on the quantity of training of one repertoire in comparison to another.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito de instruções e de treino parental sobre comportamentos observados em cuidadores e em crianças com câncer durante sessão de punção venosa para quimioterapia ambulatorial
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-04-12) DUARTE, Inaê Benchaya; FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6600933695027723
Recurrent invasive procedures in children’s cancer treatment have appeared to be the moment of greatest suffering for both the patient and the caregiver. During these procedures, as in venipuncture, a great deal of children present reactions characterized as behavioral distress. Behavioral interventions have been developed in order to reduce distress, being possible to have the children’s own caregivers as agents. This study aimed to analyze the effects of instruction and parental training on behaviors observed in caregivers and children diagnosed with cancer during venipuncture procedure in an outpatient clinic. Nine caregivers of children undergoing chemotherapy in a specialized hospital in Belém – PA were selected. For data collection the following questionnaires were used: An interview form, a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBLC), the Child’s and Caregiver’s Behavior Direct Observation Protocol, the Behavioral Assessment Scale, a caregiver orientation manual for venipuncture in children and the Parental Training Protocol. Participants underwent one of three conditions: (1) Routine, (2) Orientation Manual, or (3) Parental Training. Data collection was performed through interviews and four behavior direct observation sessions. The children’s behaviors were classified as concurrent and non-concurrent. The caregivers’ behaviors were classified as positive monitoring, negative monitoring and negligence. The results suggest that, in the Routine Condition, caregivers did not vary their behavior during the sessions, with two participants maintaining a high frequency of negligent behaviors and one participant maintaining a positive monitoring. In the Manual Condition, a change in two caregivers’ behavior was observed as an immediate effect of the manual usage, but not in the long term. In the third Condition, in which the caregivers were submitted to the Parental Training Protocol, an increase in the frequency of positive monitoring was observed in the short and long term. Regarding the children, the results indicated a higher frequency of non-concurrent behaviors, regardless of the condition to which the caregiver was submitted. Most caregivers were classified in the PBI with a permissive parenting style, confirming the literature on caregivers of children with chronic diseases. There have been reports of trained skills generalization to settings outside the hospital. It is concluded that the manual use increased venipuncture knowledge acquisition but not enough for the change and maintenance of behaviors (in long term). On the other side, parental training was effective in changing behavior as well as developing new social skills. The importance of parenting style as a protective factor for children with cancer is discussed.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos da manipulação do número de escolhas sobre o desempenho em tarefas de discriminação simples em macaco-prego (Cebus cf. apella)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-11) QUEIROZ, Lidianne Lins de; BRINO, Ana Leda de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9930065472602966; BARROS, Romariz da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7231331062174024
There are several variables that can affect the precision of repertoire acquisition in discrimination training. The number of choices presented in the discrete trials is still one variable little explored in the context of verifying in which situations the discriminative control is more easily established. The general objective of the present work is to describe the effects of the manipulation of the number of choices on performance in simple discrimination tasks in capuchin monkeys (Cebus cf. apella). In Experiment I, the subjects were given a discriminative training with three types of trials (2, 4, and 9 choices). A stimulus control test assessed if the acquired repertoire could be maintained when the stimuli used in the three types of trials were then presented in the two-choice fashion. Additionally, in Experiment II, we evaluated if the correct responses in previous discrimination training occurred due to selection of the S+, rejection of the S-, or mixed control (selection and rejection). This evaluation was carried out through a mask procedure. The results in Experiment I suggest that the exposure to a larger number of choices is an efficient strategy to establish the discriminated responses since the performance was accurate even when the number of choices was reduced to two. The results obtained in Experiment II show different data for the two subjects. M30 showed control by rejection and preference for mask and M31 showed mixed control. The present research shows a path to a more complete analysis of stimulus control in studies on the manipulation of the number of choices and indicates that this variable may be an efficient way to reduce the difficulty in acquisition of discriminations in applied context.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos da punição sobre respostas mantidas em diferentes sistemas econômicos (aberto e fechado) em Rattus norvegicus
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-01-08) RODRIGUES, Bernardo Dutra; CARVALHO NETO, Marcus Bentes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7613198431695463
The behaviors economics systems are defined as different relationships between consumption and the way the organism gets. There are typically two types of economic systems: a closed economy, where the subject’s daily food ration only could be acquired in the experimental session, and the open economy in which, the subject receive a complementary food after the session. This study aimed to investigate the effects of punishment on positive responses under different economic systems. Were performed two experiments. In Experiment 1 two Rattus norvegicus, Wistar, males, deprived of water for 24 hours, divided between the two economies: A1 (open) and F1 (closed). The aversive stimulus was a Hot air blast (HAB) for 5 seconds and contingent for each pressure response to the bar (RPB). Each subject went through the following phases: Operant Level, Modeling RPB, Conditioning in CRF, Punishment and Reconditioning. In Experiment 2 were used four Rattus norvegicus, Wistar, male, deprived of water for 24 hours, divided into two pairs: FAF (Closed / Open / Closed) and AFA (Open / Closed / Open). The aversive stimulus was a shock of 1.3mA for five seconds and contingent for each RPB. During the experiment, both passed by the following phases: Operant Level, Modeling RPB, Conditioning in FR10, Punishment (in one economy), Reconditioning, Punishment (in an economy different from above), another Reconditioning, finally, a session Punishment the initial economy. Data from two experiments showed an average suppression in responding during the phases of punishment compared to the stages of Conditioning/Reconditioning, in both economies and in all subjects: 48.7% (F1), 96.6% (A1 ), 99.9%, 99.9% and 89.8% (FAF1), 93.2%, 99.4% and 84.8% (FAF2), 99.8%, 83.6% and 95% (AFA1), 92.3%, 90.9% and 91.6% (AFA2). These results demonstrate that both the shock and the JAQ functioned as aversive stimuli, but the difference between the two economies was higher in subjects who had answered punished with the JAQ.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos da variação no grau de correspondência regras/contingências sobre o comportamento de seguir regras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) PINTO, Rafael Falcão Silva; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9018003546303132
Literature has suggested that rules may generate responding patterns that are more resistant to changes in the reinforcement contingencies, and that the degree of resistance to change depends on the strength of the established relation between antecedent and consequent stimului. The present study investigated if an experimental history of weakening of the rule/programmed consequences relation would diminish the resistance to change of the rule-following operant when it was subjected to extinction. Ten undergraduate students were exposed to a matching-to-sample procedure. In each trial the participant was presented with a stimulus arrangement of a sample stimulus and tree comparison stimuli, and he/she should point the three comparison stimuli in a given sequence. Each comparison stimulus had one dimension (color, thickness or shape) in common with the sample stimulus and differed in the other two. The experiment consisted of two conditions, each having six phases differing in the order of presentation of the degrees of rule/contingency correspondence. In both conditions Phase 1 was initiated with minimal instructions and aimed at identifying if the participants had eventual preferences for any particular sequence. Phase 2 was initiated in both conditions with the presentation of instructions that were inconsistent with the prevailing contingencies. In Condition 1 Phases 3, 4 and 5 were initiated with instructions varying in their degree of correspondence with the programmed contingencies by 100%, 50% and 0% respectively. In Condition 2 the degree of correspondence with the contingencies for Phases 3, 4 and 5 were 0%, 50% and 100% respectively. In both conditions Phase 6 were initiated with inconsistent instructions. The participants‟ responses were reinforced with points which were exchanged by money in a continuous reinforcement schedule. All participants followed instructions in all phases of both conditions. These results suggested that manipulating the degrees of rule/programmed consequences correspondence was not a sufficient to produce behavioral change, i.e. it was not sufficient to make the rule/contingencies discrepancy more salient, thus leading to abandonment of rule-following behavior.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de atividades distrativas associadas à progressão do atraso sobre o responder autocontrolado de crianças
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) BATISTA, Jussara Rocha; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Studies about self-control have reported two procedures as efficient to increase emission of the self-controlled responses: the progression of reinforcement delay and distractive activities during the delay. This study evaluated the effect of the two kinds of distractive activities (ludic and intelectual) associated with progression of reinforcement delay on self-controlled responses of children and the possible maintenance of the self-control responses reached in training sessions in later sessions, with delay to exchange up to 3 days. Nine participants between 5 and 7 years old were exposed to a choice situation between two stimuli presented on a computer screen, in order to obtain tokens exchangeable for items. Impulsive choices produced 1 token (smaller magnitude) and self-controled choices produced 3 tokens (larger magnitude). There were 6 experimental conditions: (a) Base Line Magnitude: larger magnitude/0 s and smaller magnitude/0s; (b) Base Line Delay: smaller magnitude/0s and smaller magnitude/60 s; (c) Progressive Delay: smaller magnitude was presented combined with smaller delay and larger magnitude was presented combined with larger delay, that increased 10 seconds in each of seven phases (0 s to 60 s) – Grupo A; (d) Progressive Delay Combined with Ludic Activity: the same fases as in previous condition, but it was possible to do a coloring activity during the delay – Group B; (e) Progressive Delay Combined with Intelectual Activity: the same phases as in previous condition, but it was possible to solve mathematical problems during the delay – Group C; and (f) Exchange- Delay: smaller and larger reinforcer magnitude (tokens) were delivered after the session, but the larger magnitude reinforcers were exchangeable for items after 1, 2 or 3 days. The data do not show consistent differences between the results of the traning (only delay progression, delay progression with ludic activity, and delay progression with intelectual activity). However, the data suggest that training using intelectual activity during the reinforcement delay can be less effective to maintain self-controlled responses in delays of three days to exchange tokens. Overall, the use of larger delays seems to have favored, more than smaller delays, the sensibility to external variables not controlled in the experiment.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de contingências de suporte e de metacontingências sobre a seleção de contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) TADAIESKY, Liany Tavares; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Metacontigencies are defined by functional relations between interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBCs) and an aggregate product, which selects not the individual behavior, but the IBCs. IBCs can also be maintained by supporting contingencies, which, in this case, operate on individual contingencies that take part of the interlock and are disposed by another individual, group or a controlling agency. This is a theoretical proposition conveyed in a behavior-analytical literature, with no empirical evidence. The present study had the objective of evaluating the effects of supporting contingencies and metacontingencies on installing and maintaining IBCs. Twelve undergraduate students participated in the study, divided equally into four experimental groups. Groups 1 and 2 participated in Experiment 1, and groups 3 and 4 participated in Experiment 2. Each group was exposed to a gamble game with tokens worth R$ 0,10 each. Yellow, orange and brown tokens were used in Groups 1 and 2; yellow, orange, brown, purple and pink tokens were used in Groups 3 and 4. Each session had 30 rounds, each composed by one bet of each of the three participants, which alternated the initial bet of each round. Groups 1 and 2 were exposed to conditions A (supporting contingencies) and B (metacontingencies). The experimental design of Group 1 was B/A/A+B/B; Group 2 was exposed to a single phase on condition B. Both groups had the IBCs selected and no differences between the performances of the groups were identified. In the Experiment 2, the IBCs’s complexity was raised aiming to evaluate differences in the effects of supporting contingencies and metacontingencies on the selection of IBCs. Groups 3 and 4 were exposed to conditions A’ and B’, which were identical to conditions A and B, except for the colors of tokens used and for the complexity of the IBCs. Group 3 was exposed to two phases with the following conditions: B’/A’. Group 4 was exposed only to condition B’. In both groups the IBCs were not selected. The results indicate that no significant differences between the performances of groups exposed to metacontingencies and those exposed to supporting contingencies was observed. In Experiment 1, where the IBCs were selected, the performances of Groups 1 and 2 were similar. In Experiment 2, the complexity of IBCs was increased; however the results show that in both groups, IBCs were not selected. Future studies could replicate the presented experimental design, controlling the complexity of IBCs to an intermediate level, with the objective to evaluate if supporting contingencies and metacontingencies perform different roles on the selection of IBCs.