Teses em Zoologia (Doutorado) - PPGZOOL/ICB

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/3419

O Doutorado Acadêmico foi criado em 1999 e pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOOL) do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) foi consolidado como um convênio entre Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG).

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Abelhas das orquídeas (Apidae: Euglossini) e as plantações de palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) na Amazônia Oriental: mudanças na composição de espécies, tamanho corporal e diversidade funcional
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-02) BRITO, Thaline de Freitas; MAUÉS, Márcia Motta; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0976385386657517; CONTRERA, Felipe Andrés León; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0888006271965925
In this study, we evaluated the role of legal reserves (LR) and areas of permanent protection (APP) in the maintenance of orchid bee species, and we tested the influence of abiotic and habitat parameters on taxonomic and functional diversity of this group. In addition, we investigated the occurrence of phenotypic variations (body and wing size, and fluctuating asymmetry) in response to environmental stress caused by oil palm plantations. Orchid bee males were sampled in nine areas (3 RL, 3 APP, and 3 oil palm plantations) in the municipality of Tailândia, southeast of the state of Pará. In each area, we installed six separate sampling stations, 500 m apart, each one with six scent traps; totaling 36 traps per area, and 108 per habitat type. We compared differences in observed abundance and richness using a One-Way ANOVA, we evaluated species composition patterns with a PCoA, and we also used a species indicator analysis. A partial RDA was applied to evaluate the influence of habitat attributes, space and habitat type on taxonomic and functional parameters of bees. In addition, we compared body and wing size variations of the individuals through the types of habitat. Our results indicate that oil palm areas are characterized by the presence of few individuals and species, low functional diversity, and by larger bees. Despite this, we recorded four species associated to LR, which can be useful indicators of orchid bee’s communities in the Amazon rainforest. The habitat structure was not a good predictor of both functional and taxonomic composition, and no levels of fluctuating asymmetry were detected, but bees from oil palm showed larger wings compared to forest areas. Our research highlights that APPs play an important role in maintaining both taxonomic and functional composition of orchid bees, which could reinforce the fact that bees use these areas as displacement corridors in a matrix formed by oil palm plantation. Thus, both LRs and PPAs areas fulfill their purpose of protecting the biodiversity of orchid bees.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise cladística e revisão do subgênero nominal de Edessa (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Edessinae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-01-23) SILVA, Valéria Juliete da; FERNANDES, José Antônio Marin; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6743352818723245
Pentatomidae is the fourth numerous and diverse family of Heteroptera. From Pentatomidae, Edessinae has more than 300 described species. Edessinae is a Neotropical subfamily with nine genera: Edessa Fabricius, 1803, Brachystethus Laporte, 1832, Ascra Say, 1832, Peromatus Amyot & Serville, 1843, Olbia Stål, 1862, Pantochlora Stål, 1870, Doesburgedessa Fernandes, 2010, Paraedessa Silva & Fernandes, 2013 and Grammedessa Correia & Fernandes, 2016, genera with well-defined diagnoses except Edessa which is considered a deposit of species to the subfamily. Edessa has the greatest taxonomical and nomenclatural problems of Edessinae, because it historically has a great confusion with the limits of the genus and subfamily. To solve the problem was proposed the review of Edessa from groups of species and subgenera. Edessa is composed by five subgenera: Aceratodes Amyot & Serville, 1843, Dorypleura Amyot & Serville, 1843, Pygoda Amyot & Serville, 1843, Hypoxys Amyot & Serville, 1843and the nominal subgenus. Among subgenera only the nominal was not reviewed. As Edessa (Edessa) is an “empty taxa”, composed only by the type specie, it were used the characters of the groups of species by Stål (1872) as start point to the delimitation of this subgenus. During the bibliography research was found a mistake in the typification of Edessa, so here the type specie was changed from E. cervus (Fabricius, 1787) to E. antilope (Fabricius, 1798). To recognize and limit Edessa and to create relationship hypothesis among the species was realized a cladistics analysis. It were included the species considered by Stål (loc. cit.) as part of the Edessa group of species, as well as species that possess the characters mentioned by Stål as diagnosis to this group. The data matrix is composed for 111 morphological characters and 85 taxa, 13 of outgroup and 72 of ingroup. For the analysis were realized two weighting schemes: equal and implicit weight of characters with K varying from 3–12, and two types of search: traditional and new technologies. The cladogram with K=8 and traditional search have 763 steps, IC: 19 and IR: 60. Based on this cladogram the subgenus Edessa is composed by 10 species known for the science: E. antilope, E. cervus, E. taurina Stål, 1862, E. ibex Breddin, 1903, E. arabs (Linnaues, 1758), E. cylindricornis Stål, 1872, E. rondoniensis Fernandes & van Doesburg, 2000, E. burmeisteri Fernandes & van Doesburg, 2000, E. cerastes Breddin, 1905 and E. elaphus Breddin, 1905, and six new morphotypes: E. sp. nov. “near flavinernis”, E. sp. nov. “close flavinernis”, E. sp. nov. “near 112”, E. sp. nov. “close 112”, E. sp. nov. “40” and E. sp. nov. “131”. The subgenus Edessa is diagnosed by the mainly green color on dorsal surface; humeral angles at least twice longer than large, black apex of humeral angle posteriorly curved, whole or bifid; embolium contrasting in color to the corium; corium with at least one yellow vein; dorsal rim of pygophore narrow and continuous with the base of posterolateral angles. Also the cladistics analysis suggests the monophyly of Edessinae and polyphyly of Edessa in its current composition. Changes in taxonomical status to genera of Aceratodes, Dorypleura, Pygoda and Hypoxys are corroborated. Peromatus appears with an internal branch in the analysis; it reinforces the necessity to review the genus. Also were recognized and described 13 new group of species to Edessa. Were redescribed species known to the science and described new species to the genus. Nomenclatural problems have been identified, with 11 synonyms proposed and a revalidation of taxon previously in synonymy; lectotypes were designated and a key of identification of species is given.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação dos efeitos da plantação de palmas (Elaeis guineensis) na conservação de anuros na Amazônia oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-06-30) CORREA, Fabricio Simões; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; COSTA, Maria Cristina dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1580962389416378
In this thesis, we analyzed the effects of oil palm cultivation (Elaeis guineensis) on taxonomic and functional diversity of anurans in the eastern Amazon. In addition, we analyzed the response of anurans to environmental variation in oil palm plantations and surrounding forests. We surveyed for the presence of anurans in April 2012, 2015 and 2016, in 2100 m² plots through visual and acoustic searches. In April 2016, we also measured microclimatic (air temperature and humidity) and habitat structural variables (water body width and depth, leaf litter depth, canopy openness and number of trees) in both habitat types. We found higher functional diversity and species richness in forests, with difference in species composition and functional characters distribution between forests and oil palm plantations. Water body depth and width positively affected species richness and number of individuals, while water body depth and diurnal temperature influenced species composition in oil palm plantations. Only number of individuals was positively affected by diurnal temperature and nocturnal humidity in forests, while species composition and richness were not affected by any environmental variable in this habitat type. Our results make clear that conversion of forests to oil palm plantations negatively affects anurans taxonomic and functional diversity, making urgent the maintenance of forests surrounding the plantations as a way to reduce the negative impacts.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação dos efeitos de monocultura de palma de dendê na estrutura do habitat e na diversidade de peixes de riachos amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03-30) RUFFEIL, Tiago Octavio Begot; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099
In the Amazon, oil palm plantation has been growing exponentially in recent years, altering the landscape natural characteristics and being a possible threat to biodiversity. This environmental impact extends to aquatic ecosystems, which because they are highly related to the adjacent vegetation, also suffer the impacts resulting from this agricultural action, such as habitat structure alterations, affecting the species distribution and ecosystem processes. Thus, studies to test the impact of this monoculture in the Amazon are important to support more efficient strategies for reducing impacts and maintaining biodiversity. Therefore, this thesis aims to answer the following questions: I) How the presence of oil palm cultivation around the streams affect their habitat structure and fish assemblage structure in relation to streams that drain through forested areas present along of this anthropogenic landscape? II) What are the effects of the substitution on landscape of primary forest on the oil palm in the habitat physical structure and on the taxonomic diversity of neotropical stream fish? III) How do the patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of Amazon stream fish assemblages responds to the habitat and landscape changes caused by oil palm plantation? To answer these questions, we sampled and analyzed 39 streams in the Eastern Amazon. For the habitat characterization, an extensive protocol of the evaluation was applied, resulting in 238 habitat variables, besides that, was used landscape characteristics based on the percentage of land uses adjacent to the streams. For fish collection was used hand net for six hours in each stream. Morphological measures and ecological information of fish species were taken for later calculation of the functional attributes related to the third chapter. The results showed that oil palm plantation affect the stream habitat structure, modifying mainly the channel morphology, the substrate structure and shelter availability, such as woods and roots, for fish assemblage. Consequently, the fish species distribution was affected, resulting in changes in the assemblage structure. On the other hand, no changes were registered in the functional structure of these assemblies. Finally, we showed that the oil palm plantation modifies the stream habitat natural characteristics, as well as the distribution of the species, however the functional structure of the fish assemblages is maintained.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
As aves do estado do Maranhão: atualização do conhecimento e conservação em uma região de ecótono entre a floresta Amazônica e Cerrado
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-09-12) CARVALHO, Dorinny Lisboa de; SILVA, Daniel de Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1409353191899248; SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7941154223198901
The state of Maranhão is located between the eastern Amazon and the northern Cerrado, presenting a wide variety of environments in its ecotonal area. Due to this environmental heterogeneity, Maranhão has one of the richest avifaunas in Brazil. Furthermore, this region includes one of the world's most endangered biogeographical provinces. In order to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of avifauna in this region, this study has as its main objectives: 1) review and update the checklist of birds species from Maranhão to identify possiblesampling gaps in the state; 2) test the effectiveness of the State Protected Areas (PAs) and Indigenous Lands (TIs) system in the protection of threatened and endemic bird species using SDMs and; 3) assess the potential impact of climate change on the distribution and conservation of 24 threatened bird taxa occurring in the state, comparing current and future distributions (2070) with the current reserve system, in order to identify potentially stable areas that can serve as dispersal corridors for the evaluated taxa. In chapter 1) we recorded the occurrence of 750 bird species, distributed into 88 families and 30 orders. We added 114 new species (95 residents, 13 migratory and 6 vagrants) to the last list compiled 27 years ago for the same region. In chapter 2) we observed that taxa with wider distributions are protected equally as taxa with smaller distributions and larger PAs are more efficient than smaller. Our results also showed that most Cerrado PAs are poorly allocated. We suggest six priority areas for conservation of Neotropical birds and highlight the importance of indigenous lands in conserving Neotropical biodiversity. In chapter 3) our results indicated that, although threatened Amazon and Cerrado taxa are potentially protected, for both present and future scenarios, most of the taxa are likely to suffer drastic population size declines or even global extinction in the near future. We highlight the importance of creating a system of dispersal corridors that interconnect PAs in this region, as well as the implementation of public policies for maintenance and mitigation of the areas adjacent to these corridors, aiming at the conservation of the richness and diversity of species in this region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Diversificação morfológica e molecular em lagartos Dactyloidae sul-americanos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-30) D’ANGIOLELLA, Annelise Batista; CARNAVAL, Ana Carolina de Queiroz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1268469210243345; PIRES, Tereza Cristina Ávila; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1339618330655263
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ecologia populacional do caranguejo Dissodactylus crinitichelis Moreira, 1901 (Crustacea: Decapoda) e seu hospedeiro Encope emarginata Leske, 1778 (Echinodermata: Clypeasteroidea) no litoral nordestino brasileiro
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-08-11) CUNHA , Aislan Galdino da; LEITÃO, Sigrid Neumann; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3909059819593169; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos ecológicos e evolutivos nos padrões de diversidade de aves na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-09-20) ALMEIDA, Sara Miranda; SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7941154223198901
Studies covering phylogenetic and functional diversity have been increasingly used to explain patterns of species diversity and organization of biological assemblages, constituting complementary tools to the traditional taxonomic approach (e.g. species richness). Biogeographical knowledge may also contribute to the understanding of these patterns, since the geographical distribution of different taxa depends on historical processes related to dispersion and speciation, in this manner influencing the formation of regional pools of species. In this thesis we evaluated the influence of historical processes and environmental factors on the diversity of Amazon bird assemblages. We compiled compositional data from 80 bird assemblages, 12 in savannas and 68 in terra firme forests, totaling 878 species. In Chapter 1 we evaluated the phylogenetic and functional diversity of passerine birds (Passeriformes order) considering two factors: the biogeographical history of each suborder (Passeri and Tyranni) and the habitat type (forest and savanna). We verified the importance of the different habitats for the maintenance of bird diversity since, although Amazonian savannas present low species richness when compared to forests, this habitat presents assemblages with unique combinations of ecological traits and specific lineages. We showed through the results found in this chapter that the greater functional diversity of Passeri assemblages in both habitats and the greater phylogenetic diversity of Tyranni in terra firme forests are related to the biogeographic history of each suborder and their adaptation to the habitat. In Chapter 2, we assessed the contribution of Amazonian biogeographic regions (a.k.a., endemism areas) and climatic variables to species composition and to the phylogenetic structure of canopy and forest understory bird assemblages. We hypothesized that differences in species composition are greater between interfluves for understory bird assemblages, which are composed of species with lower dispersion capacity, than for canopy birds. In this chapter, we found that the understory bird assemblages were more influenced by biogeographic barriers than canopy birds, corroborating our hypothesis. The climatic variables were important to explain the species diversity and phylogenetic structure of both groups. With the results generated in this thesis I concluded that the Amazonian bird diversity is result of processes related to biogeographic history, ecological traits of species, and environmental conditions.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Filogeografia comparada de aves com distribuição trans-amazônica e trans-andina
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-05-28) MIRANDA, Leonardo de Sousa; ALEIXO, Alexandre Luis Padovan; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3661799396744570
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência de diferentes práticas de uso da terra sobre a fauna de riachos amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-02-27) SOUSA, Híngara Leão; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099
Disturbances caused by land use practices lead to several negative effects on stream biodiversity. This dissertation was developed to contribute with information about the land use effects on Amazonian stream biodiversity. The dissertation was subdivided in three chapters. First, it was performed a review of articles that evaluated the land use effects on stream fauna in the Amazon in the last 25 years to show the scenario of scientific research for these ecosystems in the region. In the Chapter 2 the aim was to assess the effects of three land use practices (managed and convenctional logging, and pasture) on stream fish, considering the impacts on the community structure and niche characteristics of species. In the Chapter 3 the aim was to evaluate the ecological uniqueness of fish assemblages in these areas, in order to identify the land uses and species that more contribute to beta diversity in the region. As general results of the first Chapter, 42 articles evaluating the land use effects on stream fauna communities in the Amazon were found in the literature, mainly in areas of timber extraction. Recently, there has been an increase in studies, and only the last four years accounted for 74% of articles. However, we identified a lack of information about the land use history in the studied areas, a lack of studies using only the crustacean as a bioindicator taxon and a few multi-taxon studies. Chapter 2 showed that conventional logging and pasture had negative impacts on fish communities, and no effect was observed in managed logging areas. Additionally, pasture was mainly responsible for the separation of niche species, supporting species with higher marginality and smaller niche breadth. Finally, in the Chapter 3 was found higher contribution of pasture area to beta diversity, mainly due to the great variation in the disturbance levels associated to this land use practice. Besides that, both habitat specialist and generalists contributed to beta diversity in the area. In conclusion, the results of this dissertation have shown that different kinds of land use may result in particular effects on stream communities. Our findings also suggest that different approaches using information on stream biodiversity are useful in environmental impact assessment in these ecosystems.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência dos fatores ambientais sobre a estrutura de comunidade de peixes em diferentes ambientes aquáticos na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-04) SILVA, Ronaldo Souza da; ORTEGA, Jean Carlo Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7951329810755189; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-5097-9382; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9370-6747
Species diversity varies over time and space as a reflection of resource availability, suitable conditions, and biotic interactions that can locally exclude species from the regional pool. Understanding the causes of species variations remains challenging for ecologists. Still, it is already known that both biotic (interactions) and local environmental conditions (abiotic variables) are important factors in determining fish richness and abundance. Environmental conditions act differently in various aquatic ecosystems, structuring fish assemblages differently. In this context, the central objective of this thesis was to evaluate how local and regional environmental factors influence fish assemblage structure in different aquatic ecosystems in the southwest Amazon. Firstly, we assessed how the environment affects fish assemblages in river beaches. Next, we evaluated how local and regional environments influence the fish assemblage structure associated with aquatic macrophyte banks in lake environments. Finally, we examined how stream fish assemblage structure responds answered to local and regional environmental factors. In beach habitats, we found that temperature, dissolved oxygen, and depth were important in determining variation in fish species composition, while the temperature was the only variable influencing species richness. For fish in macrophyte banks habitats, the results indicated that both local and regional environmental variables (space and hydrological period) influenced fish assemblage structure. The variables depth of macrophyte bank, bank size, and space were significant for species richness. For species composition, environmental factors such as macrophyte composition, bank size, macrophyte richness, and regional variables such as space and hydrological period were influential, with the hydrological period being the strongest predictor of this variation, showing that flood pulses are a strong determinant in the structure of fish assemblages associated with macrophyte banks in Amazonian floodplains. Finally, we evaluated the influence of local, regional (landscape), and spatial factors on fish assemblage structure in upland streams in western Amazonia. The percentage of forest and spatial component (identity of Conservation Units) influenced species richness. Meanwhile, physical habitat and spatial variables influenced species composition, indicating that the fish assemblage in Amazonian streams answered to intact environments and habitat characteristics capable of supporting the persistence of these assemblages within and between watersheds.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Padrão de distribuição de Odonata (Insecta) em sistemas aquáticos com exploração de madeira na Amazônia Oriental: seleção de microhabitat e características morfológicas das libélulas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-01-06) CALVÃO , Lenize Batista; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; LOPES, Maria Aparecida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3377799793942627
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Padrões de diversidade e suas implicações para a conservação de Odonata (Insecta) em igarapés amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-03) BRASIL, Leandro Schllemmer; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029
The distribution of species within a landscape and the mechanisms that determine this distribution are fundamental questions for the understanding of the ecology of biological communities. The understanding of these phenomena is essential for the management of ecosystems and decision-making on the conservation of biodiversity, environmental conditions, and ecosystem resources. In this dissertation, we focused on the communities of the damselflies, suborder Zygoptera (Insecta: Odonata), found in streams in the Brazilian Amazon region to investigate their alpha diversity (Chapter 1), beta diversity (Chapter 2), and the elements that structure metacommunities (Chapters 3), as well as the spatial priorities for the conservation of Amazonian odonates (Chapter 4). We used environmental, biogeographic, and spatial predictors to investigate the mechanisms that structure the distribution of the communities analyzed in this dissertation. In the case of alpha diversity (Chapter 1), environmental heterogeneity (climate) and primary productivity were the most important determinants of zygopteran species richness. For beta diversity (Chapter 2), turnover was the most important component of changes in species composition within the landscape, together with the spatial distance between sites, and the biogeographic region (centers of endemism), which were the most important predictors of zygopteran beta diversity. In our analysis of metacommunity patterns (Chapter 3), we found a Clementsian pattern in well-preserved streams, with a major change in the configuration of the communities in streams with environmental alterations, which represented subsets of the better preserved areas. In Chapter 4, we show that the spatial distribution of the conservation units in the Amazon region is relatively ineffective for the conservation of most of the beta diversity of the region’s odonates. As the priority areas are located predominantly in southern Amazonia, and most of these areas have already been deforested, given that they lie within the arc of deforestation, the priority areas were displaced toward the forested environments located nearer the center of the Amazon region. Based on this analysis, we suggest the creation of new conservation units or the implementation of incentives for the establishment of activities that cause reduced environmental impacts in more central, priority areas, which are still forested, as well as 4 the restoration of priority areas that have already been deforested. One possibility here would be the implementation of programs that pay for ecosystem services, such as carbon credits obtained through reforestation and/or the development of activities with a reduced impact on biodiversity, such as agroforestry. This study also makes a major contribution to the reduction of the Wallacean and Hutchisonian shortfalls on the zygopterans of the Brazilian Amazon region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Revisão taxonômica e análise cladística do gênero Novamundoniscus Schultz, 1995 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-07-02) CARVALHO, Jonathas Teixeira Lisboa; ARAÚJO, Paula Beatriz de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6693864880223173; BONALDO, Alexandre Bragio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8721994758453503
Oniscidea was erected by Latreille in 1802. From Schmalfuss (1989), monophytic Oniscidea was accepted, based on derivated characters common to all Oniscidea. Dubioniscidae was erected by Schultz to include the genera Dubioniscus Vandel, 1963, Calycuoniscus Collinge, 1915 and Phalloniscus Budde-Lund, 1908 and the genus Novamundoniscus Schultz, 1995, erected to allocate the american species of Phalloniscus. This study aimed to make the taxonomic review of Novamundoniscus and to produce phylogenetic hipotesis of monophyletic relations of the species that compound this genus, based on morphology, to elaborate a phylogenetic relationship hipotesis among the genera that compounds Dubioniscidae, redescribe known species and describe new ones. This work is presented in a single chapter, divided into two parts, taxonomy and phylogeny of Novamundoniscus. 18 species of Dubioniscus, Novamundoniscus e Phalloniscus were analysed and a data matrix with 73 characters was generated. The final tree revealed Dubioniscidae as monophiletic, but, the validity of the genus Novamundoniscus could not be confirmed. The results of the phylogenetic analyses presented herein are considered provisory and, the taxonomic implications of the topology discussed were not adopted in the taxonomic revision of Novamundoniscus. However, the optimizations of the characters in this topology furnishes important conclusions for the understanding of the evolutive history of the taxa analysed and the characters matrix offers a solid basis for the continuation of this line of research.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Revisão taxonômica e filogenômica de Saimiri Voigt, 1831 (Primates, Cebidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-07) MERCÊS, Michelle Pinto; LYNCH, Jessica Ward; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4735211013363847; SILVA JÚNIOR, José de Sousa e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4998536658557008
Squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri Voigt, 1831) are small Neotropical primates (650-1200g). They are widely distributed in the Amazon Basin and have two taxa that occur in Central America. Although it is a frequentely used group in biomedical research, there is still a great divergence in the number of recognized species, ranging from 2 to 12 taxa. Recently several papers have been published using mitochondrial DNA to understand the origin and diversification of Saimiri, as well as the relationship between species. However, even after these publications, diversity and intra-generic relationship still present divergences, with no cogruence between morphological and genetic data. The present study aimed to propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for Saimiri from the double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq), as well as to review Saimiri, defining the species that make up the genus, as well as its distribution. This thesis is divided into three chapters. In the first, “Phylogenomics of Amazon squirrel monkeys (Saimiri; Primates; Cebidae)”, we use 44 tissue samples and 6 blood samples to obtain ddRADseq molecular phylogeny through Maximum Likelihood analysis and a time-calibrated tree from BEAST. We verified the relationship between the studied populations with the Bayesian cluster analysis of STRUCTURE. Our results recovered the monophyly between the Gothic and Roman groups, our trees recovered ten lineages within Saimiri of the Amazon Basin. In addition, we confirm that intra-generic diversification is recent and has occurred in the Pleistocene epoch. In the second chapter, “How many squirrel monkey (Saimiri Voigt, 1831) species are there? A morphological diagnosis and refined mapping of geographical distribution”, we analyzed 887 specimens of all currently recognized species and 18 types, representing almost the entire geographic distribution of the group, we also included the phylogenomic data obtained in the first chapter. Our results support the existence of two morphological groups (Gothic and Roman) and the recognition of thirteen species with one new species. For each of them are presented synonymy, type material, type locality, diagnosis, variation, comparison with other species, distribution, remarks, conservation status and specimens examined. In the third chapter, “New records of Saimiri collinsi Osgood, 1916 (Cebidae, Primates), with comments on habitat use and conservation”, we indicate the expansion of geographic distribution of the Collins’ squirrel monkey (Saimiri collinsi), to a transition area between Amazon and Cerrado. We also indicated the need for monitoring of these populations due to the intense anthropic action in the region that reduced the habitat of the species in most of Maranhão and northern Tocantins.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Sistema social do macaco-de-cheiro (Saimiri collinsi) em cativeiro
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-30) MAGALHÃES, Tatyana Pinheiro; LOPES, Maria Aparecida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3377799793942627
Most primates live in groups. Despite the advantages, this type of social organization can also increase competition for resources intragroup. The priority access to these resources is linked to dominance hierarchy. The hierarchical positions and social relationships influence the quality of life, for example, changing the reproductive and immune systems. This study characterizes the social hierarchy of the squirrel monkeys, Saimiri collinsi in captivity and examines the influence of intrinsic attributes in the hierarchy. Describes the intragroup associations networks and the relations between associations and the hierarchy and reproductive behavior. Furthermore, describes the care with offspring (parental and alloparental care) and addresses the association between mothers and allomothers in and out of care with offspring period. The results showed that dominance structure of S. collinsi is a partial hierarchy and that it is influenced by the age and body size. The association networks are formed based on sex classes and are not made for age, age-classes, or rank. The associations appear to be related to female power resistance to males sex advances. Moreover, allomothers included females with and without offspring and the association between mothers and allomothers was no different inside and outside of care with infants period.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Sistemática e diversificação dos gêneros Hylopezus e Myrmothera (Aves:Grallariidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-31) CARNEIRO, Lincoln Silva; ALEIXO, Alexandre Luis Padovan; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3661799396744570
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Sistemática molecular e diversificação dos gêneros Nonnula e Monasa (Aves: Bucconidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-10) SOARES, Leonardo Moura dos Santos; SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7941154223198901; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8819-867X
Neotropical forests comprise one of the wealthiest biogeographical regions regarding biodiversity. The origin of Neotropical diversity and its spatial distribution has been approached from a biogeographic perspective, assuming that this high diversity was the result of historical factors associated with the landscape change in this region. There were proposed several biogeographic hypotheses based mainly on vicarious events in an attempt to explain the geographical patterns in which biological diversity is organized in the Neotropical region. Among them, we highlight: the soaring of the Andes, Pleistocene's forest refuges, rivers such as barriers and Miocene's marine incursions. Within this context, it was used two genera of the Bucconidae Family: Monasa and Nonnula to try to interpret these Neotropical patterns of diversification. This thesis aimed to reconstruct the phylogeographic relationships between the taxon that compose the Nonnula and Monasa genus, from nuclear and mitochondrial molecular markers; to date the cladogenetic events to infer which historical processes were responsible for the diversification and to try to estimate the effect of each one of these processes between the different taxon that experienced them. There were sequenced 100 samples distributed in 6 species of the Nonnulo genus and 166 samples for the 4 recognized species for the Monasa genus. Our data indicate incongruence between the current taxonomic treatment and the evolutionary history of Nonnula. Our analysis recovered 19 reciprocal monophyletic lines within Nonnula, revealing the existence of at least six biological species in the N. rubecula complex. Also, our analysis recovered 10 reciprocal monophyletic lines in N. ruficapilla that presented paraphyletic with N. amaurocephala. The distributions of these lines generally coincide with known endemism neotropical areas (EA). In the Monasa genus, there were delimited 12 lines well supported statistically, and that the traditional taxonomy does not represent the diversity of lineages of this group. All species showed phylogeographic structuring, exceptionally Monasa atra. There were determined two strains in M. flavirostris, two strains in M. nigrifrons and seven strains in M. morphoeus. The main Amazonian rivers delimit these lineages. M. flavirostris was the first lineage to be diversified, followed by M. morphoeus which is the brother taxon of M. atra and M. nigrifrons. The phylogenetic diversity of these two genera is underestimated by the current taxonomy, providing an example of how widespread enigmatic endemism can be a good example for studying phylogeographic patterns in the Neotropical region, especially in Amazon.
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Sistemática molecular, biogeografia e taxonomia do gênero Megascops kaup, 1848 (Aves, Strigidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-06-28) DANTAS, Sidnei de Melo; ALEIXO, Alexandre Luis Padovan; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3661799396744570
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Turnover de anuros da Amazônia, perspectivas em multi escalas e habitats
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-31) BITAR, Youszef Oliveira da Cunha; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; COSTA, Maria Cristina dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1580962389416378
Understanding the processes involved in the species spatial distribution and the reasons leading to compositional dissimilarities among sites (turnover) have been studied on different scales and habitats. In the present study, we investigated the factors affecting frogs turnover from three different perspectives. In our first chapter of this thesis, entitled "Anuran beta diversity in the mosaic anthropogenic landscape in transitional Amazon", we tested how five environments, classified according to their human pressure, can structure frogs turnover. Sampling units (SU) on this first chapter are located in a ecotone between the Amazon and Cerrado biomes, also known as "Arc of deforestation". We observed that the conversion of forested areas (riparian forests) in open environments (monoculture of grains and rubber tree) result substitution of the original species and low turnover rates, something we can call faunal homogenization. However, the concept that turnover may change over structurally different environments is not new, specially if they have a strong degradation gradient, as found in the study area. Thus, in the second chapter of this thesis, "Species turnover in Amazonian frogs: Low predictability and large differences among terra firme forests", we seek to identify how environmental and spatial variation contribute to structure communities in well preserved terra-firme forests in Amazonia. The SU for this second chapter are located over three conservation units (National Forests of Amapá, Caxiuanã and Tapajós). We observed that, despite considered within the same class (terra firme), each community responds to a singular set of environmental variables. Testing the factors influencing species turnover over different scales, we observed that both the portion explained by environment and space had greater explanatory power (r2) in regional scales when compared within each of the areas (local scale). Another interesting result was that the spatial component showed no significant influence on Caxiuanã community, where only 3% of turnover was accounted for by any of the measured environmental factors. Finally, on third chapter titled "How differences in anuran reproductive modes can affect their turnover: Comparing scales and habitats", we discusses how frogs with different reproductive modes respond to environmental and spatial variations, comparing these processes in terra firme and varzea forests. Additionally, we evaluated species probability of occurrence along measured environmental gradients. The SU in this chapter are located in three areas of terra firme 12 forest (the same as in Chapter 2) and two areas of varzea (Sustainable Development Reserve Mamirauá and Amana). Species with aquatic oviposition were prevalent in varzea, while there was a higher proportion species laying on the vegetation in Caxiuanã and more species with terrestrial reproduction in Amapá and Tapajós when compared to the other areas. By dividing the species according to their reproductive modes, clearer response patterns were observed. Also, we can assert that changes in environmental characteristics appear as major turnover driver and are important in all scales, while the spatial distance is more evident at larger scales. Thus, we can conclude that in disturbed areas faunal homogenization decreases species turnover, due to the conversion of forests into open and less heterogeneous areas. Moreover, we also observed that even in areas within the same classification and without human disturbances, there are great differences in turnover partitioning patterns, which can be assigned to a specific set spatial and environmental factors inherent to each area, in addition to species with different reproductive modes.