Os refugiados ambientais de belo monte : a violação dos direitos à cidadania indígena na perspectiva de Hannah Arendt

Abstract

Environmental refugees are increasing in absolute numbers around the world and their episodes of forced displacement are increasingly visible in national and international society. Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Haiti Earthquake 2010, Fukushima Nuclear Catastrophe in 2011 are the most recent examples at the international level. In Brazil it happened the rupture of the Mariana Dam in 2015, the rupture of the Brumadinho dam in 2019 and in the Amazon and more precisely the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant. But what do all these events have in common? What is common to all these catastrophes is the extreme violation of human rights that do not find international or national protection, causing the destruction of communities and cultures. But how to understand this phenomenon? In order to obtain this answer, it is necessary to go back a bit and use one of the most important theoreticians who dealt with the refugee issue Hannah Arendt. The relevance of his theory is undisputed with the use of his theoretical assumptions such as: displaced persons, the right to have rights, citizenship, public space, in short, a framework of theoretical elements that are transported through time and space and arrive in this century as arguments fundamental to the understanding of the phenomena and events involving environmental refugees from the perspective of plurality and the human rights crisis that we have been facing for a long time. The episode that envolved the Usina de Belo Monte has a certain peculiarity in relation to the others, a peculiarity that can be summed up in a socio-environmental conflict that has existed since the time of Colonial Brazil and which has as a consequence the cultural genocide or more commonly known as ethnocide due to the incessant need to impose an instrumental rationality aiming at the economic development of the country. Therefore, this research presents as methodology one aspect bibliographic and documentary research of a deductive character that brings as a challenge to interconnect all these elements showing as an outcome the demonstration of good practices of political participation of indigenous peoples in neighboring countries such as Ecuador and Bolivia, through philosophy of Bem Viver that respects diversity and promotes indigenous citizenship and its culture for generations.