Teses em Ciências Ambientais (Doutorado) - PPGCA/IG
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/9341
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Níveis de resiliência ecológica de quelônios continentais da Amazônia Legal(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-12-23) GUIMARÃES, Lívia Isadora de Almeida; SILVA, José Francisco Berrêdo Reis da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1338038101910673; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-8590-2462; TOLEDO, Peter Mann de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3990234183124986Continental chelonians, especially the Amazonian ones, are among the groups which most demand new researches and integrated studies, whether in the systematic or ecological scope, whose knowledge helps in their preservation, as well as ecosystem and environmental services performed. Therefore, the present work aims to analyze the levels of climate resilience of continental species in the Legal Amazon, via correlation/interdisciplinarity between climate models and anthropogenic pressure with geochemical proxies, more specifically isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, with results that enable interpretations more precise information on climatic and isotopic refuges (isoscapes), as well as additional information related to trophic chains. Until then, climate models were developed, with simulations referring to Representative Concentration Pathways (or RCPs) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (or SSPs) for ten chelonian species, given their sufficient number of recorded observations and coordinates: Chelus fimbriata; Mesoclemmys gibba; Phrynops geoffroanus; Platemys platycephala; Podocnemis expands; Podocnemis unifilis; Rhinoclemmys punctularia; Kinosternon scorpioides, Chelonioidis carbonaria and Chelonoidis denticulata. Such coordinates were intercrossed with four environmental variables from the Worldclim digital platform, selected according level of influence on the species distribution, reported in the literature, as well as reduced inter-correlation. These procedures were performed by Rstudio software, through the Biomod2 package, which reunites a set of algorithms whose mathematics allowed the development of rasters, with informations of climatic suitability inherent to each species. So far, P. expansa, P. unifilis and, above all, Ch. denticulata, are considered the most threatened of population reduction, while Ph. geoffroannus and K. scorpioides projections have shown less climate vulnerability. This parameter tends to be maintained in future circumstances, even with anthropogenic interference. The other species also present certain levels of vulnerability, which are more limited when compared to Ch. denticulata e P. unifilis levels. Confrontation of projections with isotopic signatures from nitrogen and carbon, collected from bone tissues of specimens deposited at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Amazônicas (INPA, Manaus/AM) and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG, Belém /PA). with climate models and anthropogenic influence, tend to reinforce politics to preserve species and their niches, as a strategy to maintain regional biodiversity.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Economia de PFNM na Resex Guariba Roosevelt no noroeste Mato-Grossense(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-12-18) SANTOS, Alessandra Maria Filippin Passos; CATTANIO, Jpsé Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-9593The Brazilian Amazon provides ecosystem services that are crucial for the entire planet, including carbon sequestration, climate regulation, biodiversity maintenance, and hydrological cycles. However, these benefits are increasingly threatened by environmental pressures, forest conversion, and illegal economic activities. To address these challenges, Brazil has implemented measures such as the creation of protected areas, such as Conservation Units. Among these, the Extractive Reserves (RESEX) stand out, as sustainable-use areas that are home to traditional communities, such as extractivists. This thesis focuses on the extractive activities within the Guariba Roosevelt RESEX, located in the state of Mato Grosso, the only RESEX in the state facing significant environmental pressures. The primary source of income for the extractivists is the exploitation of nontimber forest products (NTFP), and forest preservation is essential for maintaining their traditional way of life. To meet the study's objectives, an interdisciplinary methodology was employed, combining a bibliographic review of major academic scientific databases with field research in the RESEX, using semi-structured questionnaires. The results demonstrated the socioeconomic profile of the extractivists, showing that the majority are aged 40 or older, indicating a trend of younger generations leaving in search of alternative opportunities. This shift impacts the NTFP production. The study also identified the main NTFPs harvested in the RESEX and those with untapped potential, which remain unexploited due to logistics challenges, lack of training and insufficient labor. Additionally, a land use and land cover analysis using remote sensing data (raster format) from MapBiomas was conducted to assess erosion, avoided deforestation total carbon stock, and the RESEX ' s potential in the carbon market. Finally, the perceptions of extractivists regarding climate change, biodiversity, and outmigration of young people were analyzed. The findings indicate that young people are leaving the RESEX primarily for employment and education opportunities, and infrastructure improvements, they have lost interest in extractive activities.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Vulnerabilidade ambiental e impacto na produção de sedimentos da bacia hidrográfica do rio Itacaiúnas (BHRI) - Província Mineral de Carajás, Sudeste da Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-06-30) SILVA, Marcio Sousa da; SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3282736820907252; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0003-0252-808X; ROCHA, Edson José Paulino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2313369423727020The development of environmental vulnerability studies in a regional context and in particular in the Amazon requires a huge human, logistical and economic effort, which when incorporated into current technologies for data acquisition and processing (remote and in situ) and publicprivate partnerships, makes such research possible. This framework was what enabled the development of this thesis in the Itacaiúnas River Watershed (IRW), which has around 42.000 km² and is located in the area called “arc of deforestation in the Amazon”. Area of many socioeconomic-environmental conflicts related to the development of the region and its different types of use and occupation of the territory. Within this context, we developed this research whose main objective was to assess how environmental vulnerability relates to the current production of suspended sediments at the IRW. First, the areas of greater or lesser vulnerability were defined and identified, having the year 2019 as a timeframe, through recognized methodologies developed for this type of study in the Amazon region. Using geoprocessing routines in ArcGIS 10.8.1 software, five thematic maps and environmental vulnerability were built (geology, geomorphology, soils, use and occupation and climate) and finally using map algebra the map of BHRI's environmental vulnerability was generated. The results showed that the BHRI is moderately stable/vulnerable in an area of 28,058 km² of extension (68% of the basin), moderately stable in 8,961 km² of extension (with 22% of the basin) and moderately vulnerable in 4,314 km² (10% of the basin). of the basin). In parallel, the study on the production of sediments at the BHRI, was based on data acquired by the hydrometeorological monitoring project by the Instituto Tecnológico Vale – ITV. Monitoring takes place in 16 hydrosedimentological control sections distributed in the six main sub-basins that make up the BHRI, with four annual campaigns (high water levels, rising water levels, falling water levels, low water levels) that took place between 2015 and 2019, and aimed at building and comparing the curves- sediment key and sediment production between these different sub-basins, data already published in the Brazilian Journal of Water Resources (RBRH) in 2021. Finally, seeking to respond to hypothesis of this study, we carried out comparative analyzes of the relationship between the environmental vulnerabilities observed and the production of sediments, identifying and demonstrating which areas, which environmental factors and how much sediment is produced in the different sub-basins of the IRW. The results obtained allowed to get an integrated and compartmentalized view of the vulnerability and production of sediments at the BHRI that confirm that the ongoing legal mineral activities within protected areas of forests do not generate significant impacts on their vulnerability or on their production of sediments. In turn, the activities related to the use and occupation of the territory in nonprotected areas, promoted an intense replacement of the forest by pastures, generating the areas of greater environmental vulnerability and are directly associated with the greater “inputs” of sediments in the IRW.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Soluções baseadas na resiliência da natureza: modelo sustentável resiliente aplicado aos resíduos sólidos urbanos(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-07-10) ROSALES MENDONZA, Ronaldo; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0187The final disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is one of the world's major environmental pollution problems, growing as the world population grows exponentially related to access to public services. The inspiration is born from the resilient characteristic of nature, in this transformative power of materials in the state of decomposition into new ecosystem products and services, and considering the development of the policy, the normative and the will of the actors, the model of Use of Materials Contained in Solid Waste in Cities is proposed. The scenario of the application of the model was carried out in the Metropolitan Region of Belém do Pará/Brazil in the period 1990-2020 and projected until 2050, applying multivariate statistics to data and information from IBGE and IPEA. The results show that more than 95% of the materials destined for the dump, end up remaining on the streets, in the canals, in the rivers, in the sea and other illegal destinations, could recover to create a circularity of use and consumption, favorably impacting society, the economy and nature. The approach is made by the third method of scientific research (abductive) used by Aristotle, Plato and Hermogenes, consists in which the object of study is added to the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from all possible perspectives, or at least, by the most feasible of the positive, hard and social sciences, using inductive and deductive results in an operative way to generate a possible universal good that encourages new research and questions to solve . Given the premise that purchasing power is the main driver of waste production, the statement was tested through quantitative and qualitative analysis, the OECD numerical database of the management and treatment of ordinary waste in the period 1960-2050 and the World Bank, specifically, of the family of indicators of Sustainable Development in the period 1990-2020 was processed using the IBM-SPSS Statistics software, in the case of textual data, they correspond to 2074 abstracts of articles accessed by the SCOPUS database in the period 1996-2020, processed by the IRaMuTeQ software. The adjusted index of Ordinary Waste (RO) was determined with the value of 0.93 kg equivalent to cubic meters per person per day to produce garbage treated and managed by municipalities, it facilitates the immediacy in the calculation for any city, region, country and the world. In addition, access to cell phone service was identified as the numerical indicator that can explain the development of humanity and its relationship with waste production, agreeing with the result of the analysis of texts that present communication technology as the factor of human development and waste generation. Putting the results together, it is possible to read: what the communication technologies represented by the cell phone can explain the development of humanity because of the generation of waste and vice versa. The correlation between urban solid waste, waste pickers and the Sustainable Development Goals has a common indicator that can be used in the monitoring and follow-up of proposals, solutions and actions that add the possibilities and opportunities for continuous improvement of the population with a high degree of vulnerability and the proper management of the materials contained in the waste. Especially the solid ones, the indicator is green employment, the same, facilitates the control of the evaluation and valuation of the entire value chain. The model is built from the standard of adequate ARSU practices in the world, and the insertion of products in the market, thus impacting the social-economic-environmental dynamics, for the time being, recommend carrying out the political, legal, and administrative management for its financing and implementation to solve the transgenerational problem of waste in the Metropolitan Region of Belém and other municipalities serving as an example to the world.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Produtividade de citrus na Amazônia Oriental: relações com o clima atual, risco socioambiental relativo aos eventos extremos e modelagem dos impactos das mudanças climáticas futuras(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-05-31) DIAS, Thaiane Soeiro da Silva; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-6222-5534; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984In the context of the agricultural frontier within the Amazonian territory, the production of citrus (lime and oranges) has been relevant in socioeconomic and environmental terms. In this thesis, three different scientific approaches were developed to elucidate: i) the relationships between citrus productivity and climate variability (rainfall and air temperature) and deforestation patterns in eastern Amazonia during the last decades; ii) the socio-environmental risk of citrus productivity due to extreme precipitation events in eastern Amazon; and iii) the impacts of different future scenarios of climate change on the distribution of potential areas of occurrence of the species Citrus sinensis over the Legal Brazilian Amazon. The results showed evidence that natural factors (climate variability and extreme precipitation events) and anthropic factors (deforestation) directly influence citrus productivity in several areas of eastern Amazonia. In addition, projections indicate that climate change can negatively impact the distribution of the main occurrence areas of the Citrus species throughout the Brazilian Legal Amazon.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) O papel de espécies arbóreas e fatores edáficos na variação espacial do sistema serapilheira em uma floresta de terra firme na Amazônia: conhecimento e perspectivas para a conservação(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-11-13) QUEIROZ, Maria Elisa Ferreira de; LAVELLE, Patrick; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5850683517396587; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2364-8822The dense ombrophilous forest, also known as tropical rain forest, is a formation that presents great complexity in the composition, distribution and density of species and occupies a good part of the Brazilian Amazon. In the region, the differences between plant communities and animals form a mosaic divided into eight areas or centers of endemism, separated by the main rivers, with their own biota and evolutionary relationships, three of which (Belém, Xingu and Tapajós) are entirely Brazilian. The Belém endemism center is the most threatened by deforestation and small-scale local investigations are essential to understand the effects of this disturbance on the functioning of the forest. The decomposition of litter is one of the key factors of this functioning and occurs in a hierarchical sequence of interaction processes mediated by climatic factors (temperature and humidity), physical properties of the soil, chemical limitations related to the sources of resources and biological regulation (micro and macroorganisms). In this research, it was discovered that sensitive changes in the structure of a primary forest threatened by urban growth, caused by the intensity of the natural succession dynamics, altered the humus system, since the organisms' competition for nutrients depleted the soil during the regeneration of areas affected by falling trees. Thus, the physical-chemical conditions of the forest soil became a selective filter of tree species and the major factors in the decomposition hierarchy, since temperature and humidity had little variation in the system. Then, leaves of specific tree species of the humus system, which formed a finer structure, determined the diversity of saprotrophic fungi positively related to the better quality of these leaves and the soil. Conversely, where the litter morphology was thicker and more structured, there was an increase in the diversity of litter transforming macrofauna, to the detriment of earthworm populations, which preferred higher quality leaves and soil. Soilplant-decomposer interactions are indicators of decomposition speed in humus systems, with consequent formation of mosaics of litter spots with different decomposition dynamics. Thus, places where humus function was classified as Mesomull or Oligomull were characterized by soils with a high available carbon content and good cation exchange capacity. Mull type humus systems are sensitive to variations in soil quality and earthworm activity. This explained the change to the Dysmull humus system in areas with large leaves, characterized by low nutrient availability, as confirmed in the soils of these places, although a slow functioning may indicate a conservative state of organic matter. The methodology proved to be favorable to predict changes at different scales that may affect the forest restoration.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Percepção ambiental sobre mudanças climáticas em comunidades costeiras na Amazônia, ameaças ao bem-estar e sobrevivência local: um estudo na Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Soure, Pará, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-08-04) ASSIS, Davison Marcio Silva de; MARTINS, Ana Cláudia Caldeira Tavares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6547250062275801; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4972-036X; GODOY, Bruno Spacek; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4036516695601666; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9751-9885Climate change, a global phenomenon with serious consequences for ecosystems, is affecting nature and the human populations that live in it and depend on its goods and services on a large scale, and coastal areas, being more exposed to the effects of this phenomenon, have been affected to an unprecedented extent. The reduction in the services provided by these areas has a direct impact on the way of life of the human populations living there, who have established a relationship of dependence on nature and its resources. The Marine Extractive Reserve of Soure, located on the coast of the Eastern Amazon, is characterized by the fact that it encompasses an area composed of three traditional communities whose way of life is based on a sustainable and subsistence relationship with nature. Despite its location in a protected area and its sustainable practices, the effects of climate change may pose serious threats. In this context, this work, which is characterized as interdisciplinary research, raised perceptions about climate change and sought to understand, in the light of these perceptions, how residents associate changes in the flow of goods and services from coastal ecosystems with this phenomenon. The raised perceptions reveal the high level of agreement for the occurrence of climate change. Although the communities demonstrate sustainable practices in resource use and management, the perceptions indicate that the global impacts of climate change can be felt at the local level and affect the provision of natural resources. High perceptions are shaped by age, length of residence, and degree of dependence on the goods and services of the coastal ecosystem, indicating that people who are older, live longer in one of the communities, and consequently have greater dependence on the resources, are the ones with the highest perceptions. These variables, which explain the high perceptions found, reinforce that the construction of these perceptions is based on traditional knowledge, which is the result of an intense relationship with nature and its resources, safeguarding the history, culture and identity of local peoples.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Análise da dinâmica da transição do regime de fogo na Amazônia brasileira(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-21) TAVARES, Paulo Amador; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-2341; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134The Amazon biome has undergone significant changes in land use and land cover, and it is also being affected by global climate change. Consequently, the fire occurrence has become more frequent in the Amazon. Therefore, it is important to understand how the fire regime in this region occurs and its interactions with land use and climate. For these reasons, this study analyses the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon. In Chapter 1, we investigated the temporal fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon, considering changes in land use and forest cover. We collected annual data on fire occurrence, forest cover, deforestation rates, and soybean cultivation areas. Generalized linear mixed models and linear models were used to analyse the data and identify the key factors influencing this transition. We found that there is a fire transition process in the forest, and a quadratic model provided a better prediction of fire occurrence behaviour. Furthermore, the peak of fire occurrence is shifting towards more forested landscapes over time. Deforestation rates and the expansion of cultivation areas were found to be related to this transition, with deforestation having a greater impact on fire occurrence and cultivation expansion being more relevant in predicting the transition to more forested areas. In Chapter 2, we investigated the fire transition in forest landscapes of the Brazilian Amazon, aiming to understand how this transition occurs and which variables best explain the process. We used Latent Trajectory Analysis (LTA) and generalized linear mixed models to identify latent trajectories representing different patterns of land use over time. Two main latent trajectories were identified: the "Consolidated" trajectory, characterized by a longer history of deforestation, and the "Transition" trajectory, characterized by a more recent land occupation pattern. Forest cover and deforestation were the main predictors of forest fires in both trajectories, followed by water deficit. Mechanized agriculture did not show significant influence on either trajectory. An increase in burned forest areas was observed from 2015 onwards in both trajectories. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with land use changes and forest cover. They underscore the need to develop public policies that strengthen forest cover through initiatives like forest restoration and reduce deforestation in the Amazon region to ensure biodiversity conservation and carbon stocks.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Conservação do Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllusStapf Ex Wardleworth) no Norte do Brasil: diversidade genética e impactos das mudanças climáticas futuras(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-05-31) CORRÊA, Waléria Pereira Monteiro; CALDEIRA JUNIOR, Cecílio Frois; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4071467514868919; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4762-3515; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf Ex Wardleworth) is a medicinal plant found in the north/northeast of Brazil. In recent decades, disordered extractive exploitation, the advance of agriculture and other activities that result in deforestation, as well as ongoing climate changes, have induced direct and indirect impacts on the survival of this plant species. Jaborandi is a natural source of pilocarpine, an alkaloid used in the pharmaceutical industry to treat glaucoma and xerostomia. Therefore, the species is socio-environmental interest because the extractivism of its leaves has generated financial income for countless families, in addition to contributing to the conservation of the species in the region. In order to contribute to long-term conservation and survival strategies for the species, this study evaluated the structure and genetic diversity of the species P. microphyllus in a Conservation Unit (UC) in southeastern Pará (FLONA Carajás), as well as an environmental modeling study was developed to analyze the impacts of climate change on the geographic distribution of occurrence of jaborandi, in order to delineate suitable areas according to future climate scenarios. The results of the genetic study demonstrated the formation of 04 populations with high diversity and ecological structure, even with continuous extractivism within the Carajás FLONA, indicating that exploration has been taking place in a sustainable manner in the region. In the modeling study, the projections indicated impacts of climate change on the distribution of P. microphyllus with a reduction in suitable areas in the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes (Maranhão and Piauí) and expansion of the species in the protected areas of forest cover of the Amazon biome in southeastern Pará. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of diversity in the FLONA of Carajás and reinforce the need for management and conservation plans for P. microphyllus in priority areas, where the species finds favorable climatic conditions in future scenarios. In situ and ex situ conservation measures for this species are essential, since extracting the leaves contributes as a source of income for local communities.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra e as perspectivas da abordagem nexus água, alimento e ecossistemas em bacias hidrográficas costeiras do Nordeste Paraense, Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-02-23) DUTRA, Vitor Abner Borges; TOLEDO, Peter Mann de Toledo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3990234183124986; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0187The Amazon is increasingly gaining global spotlight, despite chronically suffering the massive destruction of its ecosystems. In this context, this thesis focused on the question “to what extent will changes in land use and cover modify the landscapes of watersheds in the Eastern Amazon by 2030 and how do these changes imply the achievement of environmental goals to promote sustainable development?”. Thus, three scientific articles were prepared, where the first two dealt with the region’s spatio-temporal changes in the recent past and near future, and the third designed an integrated Nexus approach of water, food and ecosystem indicators, aligned with current environmental policies. In the first article, the dynamics of the landscapes of three watersheds between 1985 and 2019 were evaluated. The results revealed a significant conversion from forest to pasture of approximately 1,000 km², with an increase in forest fragments from 2547 to 6604, highlighting the importance of measures conservation and recovery of vegetation for the maintenance of local ecosystems. In the second article, simulations of future land cover scenarios for the region were carried out, with an emphasis on deforestation and its greenhouse gas emissions, under three hypothetical scenarios. The results indicated that, regardless of the scenario, the region could face a significant increase in deforestation and emissions by 2030, with deforestation varying from 90 thousand hectares to 125 thousand hectares, and respective greenhouse gas emissions between 3.67% and 5.09% of total emissions of the Pará State, highlighting the urgency of implementing policies for the conservation and recovery of native vegetation. In the third article, the interconnection of water, food and ecosystem indicators was explored, under the backdrop of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda and the Amazon Now State Plan. We identified some challenges, such as low environmental compliance and high pressure on water and forestry resources. However, opportunities for improvements were also identified, such as encouraging the adoption of agroforestry systems, the recovery of permanent preservation areas around water resources and the use of thriving crops from the Amazon bioeconomy, as they can result in socioeconomic and environmental improvements in the region. In summary, the studies demonstrated the complexity of environmental changes in the Eastern Amazon and the importance of an integrated approach to address pressing challenges. For a successful experience, actions must be coordinated between governments, local communities and other stakeholders, in order to guarantee the conservation of local ecosystems and the well-being of current and future generations.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Impacto das queimadas em área de floresta no sul da Amazônia: uma reflexão ensaística sobre a precificação de carbono(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-10-16) SILVA, Simone Nazaré Rodrigues da; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-5301Tropical forests are important global climate regulators. They store notable amounts of carbon in their living biomass and maintain a delicate biosphere-atmosphere relationship. Exogenous and endogenous factors need to be in perfect harmony for this relationship to work properly. Carbon cycling in the Amazon has been extensively studied due to changes in CO2 concentrations globally, in soil, water, and mainly in the atmosphere. This research aims to contribute by identifying anthropogenic disturbances (burning of forest biomass) and their influence on the net exchange of CO2 in a semi-deciduous forest area south of the Amazon basin. In situ micrometeorological measurements, located 50 km NE of Sinop-MT, are used to estimate the CO2 absorption potential under polluted (AOD ≫ 0.10) and unpolluted (AOD ≤ 0.10). Limitations, uncertainties, weaknesses, and physiological optima are determined and used as key subsidies for approaches concerning carbon pricing in Brazil. Remote orbital data from the MODIS sensor (AODm) and surface data from the AERONET 2.0 system (AODa) given a regional view of the impacts of the fires on the flow of solar radiation. We have used a long series of AODa measurements between 1997 and 2017 in determining a clear-sky solar irradiance model. Here, we’ve observed reductions and increases in %NEE for given pollution loads (AOD), relative irradiance f, and solar zenith angle (SZA). The results show a 40 % in f consistent with a significant increase in pollution loads (AODa) from 0.10 to 5.0 nos at 500 nm. We also observed an average increase of 35-70 % in NEE flux for AODa pollution levels above 1.25. We’ve attributed these increases to the increase of 40-60 % in the diffuse fraction of solar radiation (P AR(D)f ) about the direct fraction (SWi) due to the impact of Aerosols Organic emitted during biomass burning (BBOA). A statistically significant reduction and increase in biophysical variables was also observed, such as leaf canopy temperature (LCT ) and Vapor Pressure Deficit (V PD), respectively. An average increase of ∼ 3.0 ◦C and 10-15 % reduction in LCT and Tair was found under densely smoky sky conditions (AOD a ≫ 0.10). These results are useful in obtaining new calibration coefficients and new physical parameterizations of processes poorly represented in current numerical systems, such as the photosynthetic responses of semi-deciduous forests to regional carbon cycling in the Amazon. These findings also guide public policies for preserving the Cerrado-Amazon Forest ecotone and other pantropical ecosystems. We have prepared an essay highlighting the weaknesses and unfeasibility of political actions aimed at pricing carbon and ecosystem services, such as the sequestration of CO2. To this end, law 2,187/2009 (National Climate Change Policy) and PL-528A/2021 (Regulation of the Brazilian Emissions Reduction Market) are analyzed. As a result, it indicates the failures of the law above and refutation. It discusses unfeasibility, pointing out feasible solutions for new forms of exploitation, contrary to this mercantile logic that neglects the peculiarities and resilience of Amazonian ecosystems, supported by the idea of exploiting natural resources as a means unique for economic development and progress, thus hiding the current ecological crisis in which we live.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Análise da dinâmica da transição do regime de fogo na Amazônia brasileira(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-21) TAVARES, Paulo Amador; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134The Amazon biome has undergone significant changes in land use and land cover, and it is also being affected by global climate change. Consequently, the fire occurrence has become more frequent in the Amazon. Therefore, it is important to understand how the fire regime in this region occurs and its interactions with land use and climate. For these reasons, this study analyses the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon. In Chapter 1, we investigated the temporal fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon, considering changes in land use and forest cover. We collected annual data on fire occurrence, forest cover, deforestation rates, and soybean cultivation areas. Generalized linear mixed models and linear models were used to analyse the data and identify the key factors influencing this transition. We found that there is a fire transition process in the forest, and a quadratic model provided a better prediction of fire occurrence behaviour. Furthermore, the peak of fire occurrence is shifting towards more forested landscapes over time. Deforestation rates and the expansion of cultivation areas were found to be related to this transition, with deforestation having a greater impact on fire occurrence and cultivation expansion being more relevant in predicting the transition to more forested areas. In Chapter 2, we investigated the fire transition in forest landscapes of the Brazilian Amazon, aiming to understand how this transition occurs and which variables best explain the process. We used Latent Trajectory Analysis (LTA) and generalized linear mixed models to identify latent trajectories representing different patterns of land use over time. Two main latent trajectories were identified: the "Consolidated" trajectory, characterized by a longer history of deforestation, and the "Transition" trajectory, characterized by a more recent land occupation pattern. Forest cover and deforestation were the main predictors of forest fires in both trajectories, followed by water deficit. Mechanized agriculture did not show significant influence on either trajectory. An increase in burned forest areas was observed from 2015 onwards in both trajectories. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with land use changes and forest cover. They underscore the need to develop public policies that strengthen forest cover through initiatives like forest restoration and reduce deforestation in the Amazon region to ensure biodiversity conservation and carbon stocks.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Dinâmica dos fluxos de dióxido de carbono e metano em área de várzea e terra firme do estuário Amazônico(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-04-29) FLORES ARONI, Mario; JARDIM, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9596100367613471; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-1248; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-9593Terrestrial ecosystems are important for the greenhouse gases exchange (GHG) between the surface and the atmosphere. The objective of this research was to investigate the annual dynamics of carbon dioxide (FCO2) and methane (FCH4) fluxes in different environments, in relation to floristic composition and environmental variables in a floodplain area of the Amazon estuary. The flux of greenhouse gases (GHG) was simultaneously measured in the terrestrial and aquatic environment, in a tidal cycle, during few days in the year. This study also included a seasonal comparison of GHG fluxes in açaí planted in an upland area compared to an açaí managed area in the floodplain of the Amazon estuary. The floodplain study was carried out in the Environmental Protection Area of Combú Island (APA Combú), Belém, Pará (Brazil), between 2019 and 2021. The study in the upland area was carried out in Santa Maria do Pará. The methodology to measure soil and water FCO2 and FCH4 consisted of closed dynamic chamber and floating chambers methodology, respectively. The Amazonian estuaries showed topographic variability reflected in the water table height, which influences the soil FCO2 and FCH4 dynamics. In the same way that increase in soil temperature contributed to CO2 emissions. Therefore, a possible increase in global temperature could favor CO2 fluxes in the Amazon estuary. The tidal influence in the stream has strong impacts on FCO2 and FCH4 of the water, which play a key role in the carbon cycle through the CO2 and CH4 exchange between water-atmosphere environments. Lowland soils dominated by açaí plantations are a source of CO2 and CH4. However, the advance of açaí plantations in upland is positive for the environmental benefit (CH4 sink).Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Resiliência urbana na zona costeira da Amazônia: uma análise de indicadores para a cidade de Belém, Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-08-22) LIMA, Yasmin Emanuelle Santos Pereira de; PIMENTEL, Márcia Aparecida da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3994635795557609; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-9777Rapid population growth in urban environments is the root cause of many resilience challenges, where cities concentrate a large part of the population with social vulnerability and exposure to weather-related disturbances. Climate change is a global challenge, there is growing international concern about how to deal with climate change in urban areas. This Thesis aims to analyze the urban resilience of the city of Belém, Pará, Amazon region, Northern Brazil, based on a multidimensional tool, the City Resilience Index - CRF, generating results for the management of urban planning. A survey and content analysis was carried out, contemplating the concepts involved in the object of this research. Adaptation of the IRC through the application of the Delphi Method, with interviews with specialists focused on the subject. Application of IRC in the city of Belém-PA, with secondary data. As a result, the theoretical research problem was presented; Four Dimensions were obtained for the IRC, 'Health and Well-Being', 'Economy and Society', 'Infrastructure and Ecosystems', and 'Leadership and Strategy', with a total of 38 indicators, which allow assessing aspects of resilience of cities. The IRC was operationalized in an Excel spreadsheet and applied in the City of Belém-PA and generated the IRC in the “Good” value. In conclusion, four dimensions and 38 indicators were defined to generate the IRC, and in Belém-PA the IRC was considered “Moderate”, however, in fact, the challenges in working with the theme of urban resilience are still many, and go beyond the conceptual sphere. Although there is still no consensus on the part of specialists in the area regarding the definition of its real meaning, the biggest challenge lies in its operationalization. The process of building systems of resilience indicators is complex and has barriers such as, for example, the lack of data to build indicators to assess some relevant aspects. An example of such indicators, which can be included in future estimates for the city of Belém-PA, are those aimed at measuring infrastructure and ecosystems.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efetividade das políticas públicas de comando e controle em áreas embargadas por desmatamento ilegal na Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-01-31) SILVA, Verissimo Cesar Sousa da; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-318X; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-4477The pace of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon began to slow dramatically in the mid-2000s, reducing to 4,571 km² in 2012, but this deforestation has tended to increase from 2013 onwards, registering a value of 5,891 km² and reaching, in 2021 , an area of 13,235 km². Although several procedures have been employed to curb illegal deforestation, the public policy that prevails is command and control environmental inspection actions. A major factor that enhances the feeling of disregard for acts harmful to the environment is the total disrespect for the deforested areas that were embargoed and that continue to carry out activities. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the situation of 1,289 polygons in areas embargoed for illegal deforestation in the Amazon in the period from 2008 to 2017 and to know the determining factors that led to (non)compliance with the embargoes. For this, remote sensing techniques were used to identify the different uses and land cover (agriculture, pasture and regeneration) in the embargoed polygons. As a result, it was identified that, of the 1,289 embargoes analyzed, 1,025 (69.2% of the total area) were converted to pasture in 2019, for agriculture 95 embargoes were found equivalent to 17.7% of the entire embargo area . This means that 86.9% of the area is disrespecting the embargo legislation. The variables that were significant in relation to non-compliance were Property Size and CAR Presence, while the variables that maintained a relationship with embargo compliance were Municipal Embargoes, Elevation and Priority Municipalities. It is concluded that, although there are inspection and monitoring actions, it is still very timid to reach the true objective that does not restrict only prosecuting and embargoing areas, but rather, the formulation of actions that develop integrated systems and monitoring to accompany these areas, in order to to verify that environmental laws are being complied with.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Impactos socioambientais atuais e de mudanças futuras na hidroclimatologia da bacia do rio Tapajós na Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-09) SODRÉ, Vânia dos Santos Franco; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0187The intensification of land use and land cover has been increasing environmental and climatic problems in the Amazonian sub-basins, especially in the Tapajos River basin, which is important not only for the region, but for the whole country in terms of economic and socio-environmental issues. This research evaluated the increasing pressure imposed on the Tapajos River basin from the unsustainable use of water resources, deforestation on meteorological variables and the future hydroclimatology of the basin for the next 30 and 60 years. On the water issue, significant environmental impacts were observed in the Upper and Middle Tapajos, where unsustainable uses of water resources were identified from the various sectors of the economy, with emphasis on the increase in the number of industries and hydroelectric plants. Conversely, in the Lower Tapajos region there are still significant portions of conserved vegetation cover, which are essential for favoring evapotranspiration and, consequently, cloud formation, but an increase in the unsustainable use of water resources was observed in the region. In the relationship between deforestation and climate, it was noted the existence of correlations between deforestation rates and positive variations in temperature in the Middle Lower Tapajos region. However, no significant variations in precipitation were observed, but there is a slight negative trend (reduction), corroborating the anomaly and trend studies. In the future hydroclimatology, the results showed that the future impacts of climate change on precipitation and elevation measures, both for a more proximate climate (2021-2050) and for a climate at the end of the century (2051-2080), taking into account the moderate and pessimistic scenarios. It was also noted that there will be changes in the frequency of maximum and minimum extremes of precipitation and quota, especially in the regions of the Middle Lower Tapajos, being more sensitive to these changes at the Itaituba station.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Dinâmica da cobertura florestal a partir de análises realizadas em áreas de extração seletiva de madeira no Estado do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-09-29) ROCHA, Nívia Cristina Vieira; GALBRAITH, David; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2145475131329843; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-4477The selective logging in the Amazon region is an activity that holds relevance in social, economic, and environmental aspects. In many cases, this is considered a low environmental impact activity in the forests when compared to deforestation. This research assessed canopy opening in selectively logged areas in Eastern Amazon over different years with reduced impact. Detailed monitoring was conducted in these areas using both hemispherical images and orbital images to evaluate the persistence of impacts over time. Hemispherical photographs were used to measure canopy opening and provide a high-resolution assessment of the logged areas. This study also utilized images obtained from Landsat, Sentinel, and Planet satellites. Spectral Mixture Analysis and enhancement techniques were applied to these orbital images to detect canopy opening impacts caused by selective logging. Hemispherical images revealed that even 17 years after the logging activities ceased, the impacts caused by selective logging were still discernible. Meanwhile, orbital images allowed for the identification of logging at different time intervals depending on their respective resolutions. From the results, this study highlights the importance of the combined use of hemispherical and satellite images to monitor the effects of selective logging over time in the Amazon. This enables a more comprehensive understanding of forest dynamics, the persistence of impacts, and the importance of continuous monitoring in logged areas to assess long-term effects and adopt sustainable management strategies.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Análise de tendências de variáveis hidroclimáticas na bacia hidrográfica Araguaia-Tocantins e suas implicações na agricultura irrigada(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-02-28) SALAME, Camil Wadih; BARBOSA, Joaquim Carlos; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984The Araguaia-Tocantins Hydrographic Basin (BHAT) is the most extensive in drainage area within the Brazilian territory, with processes of use and occupation increasing in terms of the demands of agribusiness and mineral exploration. In this research, a statistical study was carried out on the hydroclimatic trends (precipitation and flow) in BHAT and its relations with irrigated agriculture. The hydroclimatic mapping based on cluster analysis identified four homogeneous regions within the BHAT, two to the north with a predominance of high rainfall/flow rates and less water availability. In the BHTA the rainy regime occurs between December to March and the dry regime between May and September. The months of October/November (dry to rainy) and April (rainy to dry) are transitional penods with pronounced variations in the seasonal cycle. The geostatistical study of rainfall/river flow forecast revealed that the results using the Box-Jenkings model are relatively better when compared to the Artificial Neural Networks model. The integrated approach of hydroclimatic variables with agricultural data within the BHTA revealed a significant pattern of negative trends in rainfall and flows that are spatially consistent in regions of intense productivity of com and soybeans and cattle. A relevant result was the detection of a significant spatial correlation between the number of central pivots (irrigation) in regions with low water availability, which favor the productivity of temporary crops.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) O papel de espécies arbóreas e fatores edáficos na variação espacial do sistema serapilheira em uma floresta de terra firme na Amazônia: conhecimento e perspectivas para a conservação(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-11-13) QUEIROZ, Maria Elisa Ferreira de; LAVELLE, Patrick; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5850683517396587; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2364-8822The dense ombrophilous forest, also known as tropical rain forest, is a formation that presents great complexity in the composition, distribution and density of species and occupies a good part of the Brazilian Amazon. In the region, the differences between plant communities and animals form a mosaic divided into eight areas or centers of endemism, separated by the main rivers, with their own biota and evolutionary relationships, three of which (Belém, Xingu and Tapajós) are entirely Brazilian. The Belém endemism center is the most threatened by deforestation and small-scale local investigations are essential to understand the effects of this disturbance on the functioning of the forest. The decomposition of litter is one of the key factors of this functioning and occurs in a hierarchical sequence of interaction processes mediated by climatic factors (temperature and humidity), physical properties of the soil, chemical limitations related to the sources of resources and biological regulation (micro and macroorganisms). In this research, it was discovered that sensitive changes in the structure of a primary forest threatened by urban growth, caused by the intensity of the natural succession dynamics, altered the humus system, since the organisms' competition for nutrients depleted the soil during the regeneration of areas affected by falling trees. Thus, the physical-chemical conditions of the forest soil became a selective filter of tree species and the major factors in the decomposition hierarchy, since temperature and humidity had little variation in the system. Then, leaves of specific tree species of the humus system, which formed a finer structure, determined the diversity of saprotrophic fungi positively related to the better quality of these leaves and the soil. Conversely, where the litter morphology was thicker and more structured, there was an increase in the diversity of litter transforming macrofauna, to the detriment of earthworm populations, which preferred higher quality leaves and soil. Soilplant-decomposer interactions are indicators of decomposition speed in humus systems, with consequent formation of mosaics of litter spots with different decomposition dynamics. Thus, places where humus function was classified as Mesomull or Oligomull were characterized by soils with a high available carbon content and good cation exchange capacity. Mull type humus systems are sensitive to variations in soil quality and earthworm activity. This explained the change to the Dysmull humus system in areas with large leaves, characterized by low nutrient availability, as confirmed in the soils of these places, although a slow functioning may indicate a conservative state of organic matter. The methodology proved to be favorable to predict changes at different scales that may affect the forest restoration.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Vulnerabilidade ambiental e impacto na produção de sedimentos da bacia hidrográfica do rio Itacaiúnas (BHRI): província Mineral de Carajás, sudeste da Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-06-30) SILVA, Marcio Sousa da; SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3282736820907252; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0252-808X; ROCHA, Edson José Paulino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2313369423727020The development of environmental vulnerability studies in a regional context and in particular in the Amazon requires a huge human, logistical and economic effort, which when incorporated into current technologies for data acquisition and processing (remote and in situ) and publicprivate partnerships, makes such research possible. This framework was what enabled the development of this thesis in the Itacaiúnas River Watershed (IRW), which has around 42.000 km² and is located in the area called “arc of deforestation in the Amazon”. Area of many socioeconomic-environmental conflicts related to the development of the region and its different types of use and occupation of the territory. Within this context, we developed this research whose main objective was to assess how environmental vulnerability relates to the current production of suspended sediments at the IRW. First, the areas of greater or lesser vulnerability were defined and identified, having the year 2019 as a timeframe, through recognized methodologies developed for this type of study in the Amazon region. Using geoprocessing routines in ArcGIS 10.8.1 software, five thematic maps and environmental vulnerability were built (geology, geomorphology, soils, use and occupation and climate) and finally using map algebra the map of BHRI's environmental vulnerability was generated. The results showed that the BHRI is moderately stable/vulnerable in an area of 28,058 km² of extension (68% of the basin), moderately stable in 8,961 km² of extension (with 22% of the basin) and moderately vulnerable in 4,314 km² (10% of the basin). of the basin). In parallel, the study on the production of sediments at the BHRI, was based on data acquired by the hydrometeorological monitoring project by the Instituto Tecnológico Vale – ITV. Monitoring takes place in 16 hydrosedimentological control sections distributed in the six main sub-basins that make up the BHRI, with four annual campaigns (high water levels, rising water levels, falling water levels, low water levels) that took place between 2015 and 2019, and aimed at building and comparing the curves- sediment key and sediment production between these different sub-basins, data already published in the Brazilian Journal of Water Resources (RBRH) in 2021. Finally, seeking to respond to hypothesis of this study, we carried out comparative analyzes of the relationship between the environmental vulnerabilities observed and the production of sediments, identifying and demonstrating which areas, which environmental factors and how much sediment is produced in the different sub-basins of the IRW. The results obtained allowed to get an integrated and compartmentalized view of the vulnerability and production of sediments at the BHRI that confirm that the ongoing legal mineral activities within protected areas of forests do not generate significant impacts on their vulnerability or on their production of sediments. In turn, the activities related to the use and occupation of the territory in non protected areas, promoted an intense replacement of the forest by pastures, generating the areas of greater environmental vulnerability and are directly associated with the greater “inputs” of sediments in the IRW.