Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Trópico Úmido - PPGDSTU/NAEA

URI Permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2294

O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Trópico Úmido (PPGDSTU) pertence ao Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos (NAEA), da Universidade Federal do Pará. O NAEA existe desde 1972, quando foi concebido como uma unidade de Pós-Graduação e de Pesquisa Interdisciplinar voltada à análise da dinâmica social, econômica e ambiental da Amazônia. No plano institucional, tinha a finalidade, enquanto instituto interdisciplinar, de propiciar a integração da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) em suas diversas áreas de conhecimento, além de iniciar propostas de integração de pesquisas e ensino de pós-graduação no plano internacional, principalmente no que diz respeito à Pan-Amazônia.

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da autonomia das populações tradicionais no manejo comunitário de recursos florestais madeireiros em unidade de conservação da Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-04-25) PACHECO, Jéssica dos Santos; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
The present study aim to analyze the degree of autonomy of the traditional populations in the timber community forest management (CFM) in federal protected areas (UC) of the Brazilian Amazon. To do so, it was evaluated (1) the perception of stakeholders in two UCs and (2) the legal instruments and regulatory provisions that could influence this autonomy. In total, 111 stakeholders from the RESEX Verde Para Sempre (VPS) and the Tapajós National Forest (FLONA Tapajós) were interviewed among the Government, Community and Partner Organizations segments. The perception was evaluated by SWOT analysis and 5-level Likert scale satisfaction questionnaires. Relevant documents on the MFC used in the UCs (minutes, reports, diagnoses, among others) were also evaluated. Decision makers from the main federal environmental agencies in Brasilia were also interviewed. The results showed that the dependence of annual permits from the ICMBio and the administrative procedures of the MFC directly interfere in the autonomy of the traditional populations, although they are of exclusive obligations of the environmental agencies. In the initiatives studied, there was relative satisfaction on the autonomy of the traditional populations. However, governmental interference occurred in both cases. In the FLONA Tapajós, the governmental administrative structure has affected the freedom of the community to define its productive choices, mainly due to the outdated management plan of the UC. Also, the autonomy to organize and manage forest production has been restricted at RESEX VpS, both due to its financial dependence on partner organizations and the time lapse until management license is approved. The legal instruments and regulatory provisions of the MFC in UC are the main inducers of this scenario. It was verified that these instruments are constituted by rules of territorial, procedural and technical dimensions that, to a greater or lesser extent, interfere in the community autonomy in the management of the forest resource, in the process of obtaining the MFC license, and in the techniques required in the activity. The failure to comply with the legal determination to create differentiated provisions of sustainable forest management plans adapted to community needs has conditioned traditional communities to standardized technical requirements, to the detriment of the constitutional and legal recognition of their livelihood rights. Some priority changes in the regulations were identified and proposed in this study. It was concluded that the simplification of some instruments could increase the degree of autonomy in the timber CFM allowing its multiplication in the Amazon region, while ensuring, at the same time, a balanced and effective control by the State over public forests in common ownership.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A Cogestão de recursos em reserva extrativista da Amazônia: o caso da Resex Terra Grande-Pracuúba, Pará, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-11-24) MAGNO, Giselle Gomes; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
The Extractive Reserves (Resex) of the Amazon represent a natural laboratory for studies of models of co-management of shared resources between the State (manager) and communities (residents). The premise of a shared management or co-management model starts from the construction of cooperation between individuals and/or institutions that use resources through participatory mechanisms and processes implemented to create support for the cooperation of groups that use resources (eg, territory, extractive area and natural resources). This study analyzes the adherence of the governance system of the Resex Terra Grande-Pracuúba, located on Ilha de Marajó, Pará, Brazil, to the principles considered necessary for the construction of an effective co-management for the governance of common use resources. In addition to identifying the relationship of forces between the State and the traditional population in the management of resources and in the use of the territory, mainly in decision-making and in conflict resolution, evaluating the arenas of concertation and their relationships. The study made it possible to identify, through documents and interviews, some principles that reached greater maturity in the implementation eg: Defined limits, Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions, Minimum recognition of organizational rights; Nested enterprises) and where improvement is needed (eg, Collective Choice Arrangements; Monitoring; Graduated Sanctions; Conflict Resolution Mechanisms). The hierarchical relationship between the decision-making arenas exist (local meetings would support the meetings by poles, which in turn would support the Management Board). However, they are still fragile in terms of their frequency, functioning and protagonism of communities and ICMBio in issues associated with co-management of the territory. The transgression of governance principles for the use of resources and territory can be illustrated both by the lack of fundamental management instruments for the administration of the RESEX, such as a Management Plan, which makes it difficult to organize economic and environmental actions on the use of resources within the Unit, but also (and mainly) due to the ineffectiveness of the co management instruments already implemented. The good participation of the actors indicates that there is interest in these spaces, however bureaucratic and unilateral interests can inhibit active participation. The analysis of the co-management of the Terra Grande-Pracuúba Extractive Reserve concludes that the governance system implemented was not effective in the shared management of the use of natural resources and territory. In addition, decision-making in collective arenas presented difficulties in applying the rules for the use of natural resources and territory for the pacification of conflicts, for the reproduction of the traditional way of life and for the support of cooperation between groups of users.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Consumo, sustentabilidade e origem: segmentação e estratégias para mercados locais de produtos da Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-02-08) FERREIRA, Mariana Faro; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
The Amazon is widely regarded as a realm of abundant possibilities within the context of the bioeconomy, owing to the vast size and diversity of its biocultural resources. However, scant attention has been paid to the consumption perspective concerning factors that could impact the development of local markets for products embodying the unique characteristics of the region. This research, grounded in the theoretical framework of marketing and consumer behavior studies, seeks to a) scrutinize elements linked to the concept of sustainable consumption and associated consumer behaviors; b) identify consumption patterns of the population of Belém city, Pará, Brazil; and c) propose market segmentation-based marketing strategies that contribute to the growth of local markets for Amazonian products. A literature review, employing Content Analysis (CA), revealed key elements of the sustainable consumption concept. These encompass the multidimensionality of the concept, encompassing social and environmental aspects alongside economic considerations; its robust association with the notion of Sustainable Development, thereby affording it a broad scope easily embraced as discourse by diverse sectors, yet posing challenges in guiding production and consumption practices. To guide practices, we consider that operational definitions must include: a) emphasis on multiple dimensions (social, environmental and economic), b) scope of product and processes, c) inclusion of production and consumption impacts and e) indication of the levels of action considered (whether individual, collective or public/governmental). Findings from a survey involving a probabilistic sample of the population in Belém (PA) indicated that consumers in the capital prioritize functionalities, fragrance, price, and ingredients as their primary criteria when selecting shampoos. Concerning origin, both generally and specifically in local production within the Amazon, this was not deemed a significant attribute by any of the demographic profiles in the studied population. Strategies for Amazon-based businesses were subsequently proposed based on the discussed results, encompassing all four levels of the marketing mix (product, place, promotion, and price). These strategies incorporate elements for differentiation based on origin, capitalizing on the region's unique features for product development, and acknowledging the idiosyncrasies of three distinct segments of Pará state consumers. In summary, a focus is suggested on: a) the development of products oriented to local demand; b) differentiation by origin; c) increased availability; and d) positioning by quality. In a scenario of growing interest in the bioeconomy, the development of marketing strategies aimed at the sustainable consumption of products originating in the Amazon will still face broad concepts and lack of knowledge about the behavior of local consumers, difficulties that can be overcome by focusing on product attributes, greater information about consumption and economic and cultural valorization of its socio-biodiversity.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O Dendê na Amazônia: reflexo socioeconômico, crescimento de cidades e dinâmica espacial do desmatamento no polo de produção do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-05-25) FERREIRA, Susane Cristini Gomes; CARVALHO, André Cutrim; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1089731342748216; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0936-9424; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
The cultivation of oil palm in the Amazon was conceived as a policy to promote biofuels associated with inclusive and sustainable local development, especially in rural areas. Studies involving oil palm plantations in the state of Pará, a producer hub, focus on the rural socio-environmental impacts of the crop, highlighting aspects such as changes in land use and socio-economic implications for family farmers. However, the expressive growth of oil palm in Pará cannot be dissociated from its impact on municipalities and, mainly, cities that develop around this culture. The potential of this export-oriented agricultural system to generate externalities that lead to urban and non-agricultural economic growth, and to cause potential spillovers from deforestation to neighboring municipalities is still little known. In this study, the social consequences, the growth of cities and the spatial dynamics of deforestation in the production pole of the state of Pará were evaluated. Specifically, the objective was: (1) To review and evaluate the main public policies that encouraged the cultivation of oil palm in the Amazon and the socio-environmental effects of these plantations in the northeast of Pará, specifically in the microregion of Tomé-Açu; (2) Assess the spillover effects of oil palm production in the largest Brazilian producing region, focusing on the urban and non-agricultural impact on economic growth, demography and the labor market in the period from 2002 to 2017; and (3) Investigate the spatial-temporal dynamics of deforestation in the oil palm agribusiness hub through empirical evidence on the importance of neighborhood effects (spatial effect) in the response to deforestation in the state's oil palm producing municipalities in the period between 2003 and 2017. To meet the first objective, this study carried out a documentary analysis for the period 2005 to 2016, in which family farmers were satisfied with the income from the production of oil palm fruits, while there were non-conformities between the original sustainability guidelines and the social inclusion provided for in government programs to encourage oil palm production, which suggests a lack of monitoring and inspection by the State. The second objective was achieved through econometric data analysis on a random effect panel and with structural break analysis. The results showed that the oil palm activity fostered non-agricultural sectors (eg, service sectors), contributing to the formal non-agricultural labor market, generating taxes in the surrounding cities and industrial dynamization, mainly from 2010, coinciding with the period implementation of the incentive policy. The third objective was achieved via spatial lag models. The results showed changes in the variables correlated with deforestation over the period studied. Before the incentive policy (Sustainable Palm Oil Production Program - PPSOP), pasture area was directly correlated and GDP per capita was inversely correlated with deforestation. Oil palm production was not correlated with deforestation. In the year of launch of the PPSOP, the number of inhabitants was strongly correlated with deforestation, probably associated with an increase in immigration rates. In the post-PPSOP period, the value of oil palm production was negatively correlated with deforestation. Therefore, in the period studied, oil palm did not affect deforestation or was associated with its reduction. After the PPSOP, once again, pasture area was positively correlated and GDP per capita was negatively correlated with deforestation. Furthermore, the spatial dynamics of deforestation showed that neighboring municipalities influenced deforestation behavior mainly through two types of classifications: high (High-High) and low (Low-Low) deforestation. The general conclusion of this study was that oil palm has generated economic growth in the surrounding cities, contributing to the reduction of deforestation in the production hub of Pará, but still with difficulties in the mechanisms of social inclusion advocated by the incentive policies. The spatial effect, represented here by the interaction of deforestation rates between neighboring municipalities, proved to be a relevant factor in the investigation of deforestation dynamics in the region. Given the observed intersectorial links and lesser environmental impact on remaining forests, it constitutes a promising economic activity for the region, although with a potential effect on other variables that produce negative externalities. The limitations imposed by the scope of this study keep open the understanding of other dimensions of sustainability pursued by policies to encourage oil palm. Strengthening the sector's competitiveness and permanent monitoring of the direct and indirect socio-environmental impacts of oil palm production could contribute to promoting improvements in the development indicators of the region of production.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A Descentralização e a gestão ambiental municipal no Estado do Pará, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-04-04) SILVA, Benedito Evandro Barros da; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
The state of Pará has made a major effort to decentralize its environmental management, although the lack of mechanisms to monitor and evaluate this process undermines the transparency, monitoring and improvement of the decentralization policy. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze municipal environmental management in the state of Pará from the analysis of decentralization policies and municipal performance in environmental management. The history of the policies was carried out through documentary analysis and the legal framework. The performance was evaluated based on the development of a municipal environmental management performance index (iGAM) and the perception of local public agents on the environmental management of their municipality. The methodology was applied to 143 municipalities in Pará and the performance of the municipal environmental management was evaluated for the year 2009 and 2015. The perception of the agents on the management was evaluated through a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale applied to two groups of environmental technicians belonging to municipalities with “good” and “poor” performance in management. The results showed that the decentralization of environmental management had its greatest evolution since the year 2009, motivated by public policies and strong pressures to reduce deforestation, however, they lack mechanisms to monitor the quality of environmental management. The iGAM, characterized by land use change variables, which explained more than 70% of the total variance, categorized the municipalities into four performance classes (good, fair, bad and very bad), which were shown in maps. Between 2009 and 2015, there was some improvement in the performance of municipalities. However, the decentralization measures seem to be more political than environmentally effective, since only 21.7% of the 143 municipalities were classified as having good environmental management in 2015. Municipalities in eastern Pará had the poorest management performance in both periods, illustrating regions where unsustainable and misguided national policies have been fostered since the 1970s. In general, iGAM was positively affected by factors such as population, communication and protected areas in municipalities and negatively affected by rural credit, GDPm and rural environmental cadastre. Public agents, with more optimistic perceptions than reality, tended to qualify management differently than expected from empirical data, suggesting the need for mixed monitoring. The variables associated with changes in land use were also key to differentiate the perception of agents from different groups. A cost-effective monitoring of agents’ perceptions by public environmental agencies could focus on the variables that actually differentiate them in terms of perception: degraded area, secondary vegetation, abandoned pasture, deforested area; pasture area; rural credit and rural environmental cadastre. There is still a lot of room for improving the effectiveness of municipal environmental management in Pará. However, it is important to note that many policies with a profound impact at the municipal level are elaborated at higher hierarchical levels and, therefore, responsibility must be shared. The monitoring of environmental management in a synergistic way is as important as it is indispensable to improve the performance of municipalities by enabling the different levels of state public administration to evaluate, plan, monitor, implement and guarantee development in order to preserve environmental quality in the Amazon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O Extrativismo do açaí (Euterpe oleracea Martius) na Ilha das Cinzas, várzea estuarina do Rio Amazonas, Pará: socioeconomia, manejo e cadeia produtiva
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-09-29) SANTOS, Erick Silva dos; GUEDES, Marcelino Carneiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9005172978014230; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
Essential for the extractivist mode of several Amazon families, the economic activity of açaí has been changing over the past few decades, increasingly associating itself with national and international markets. However, concomitant with the globalization of the activity, which increased the profit of companies and the income of extractive families, the interventions of riverside dwellers in the environmental landscape of the floodplains have been accentuated, putting their social, economic, environmental and food sustainability in check. Combining the economic desires of families together with maintaining the plant diversity of the productive units in the floodplains, a fundamental characteristic for gains in competitiveness in the global “green market”, is one of the main challenges of the activity today. This study evaluated the socioeconomic and environmental dynamics of the açaí extractive activity by the riverside population of the Ilha das Cinzas Agroextractive Settlement Project, municipality of Gurupá, State of Pará, in the Eastern Amazon. Our general assumption was that the empirical models of management of the açaizeiro practiced by extractive families and the organizational level of the local açaí productive supply chain affect the productivity, consumption and income generation of riverside population of Ilha das Cinzas. The study was developed from: i) the determination of the seasonal production of açaí fruit and its relationship with the socioeconomics of the producing families; ii) the evaluation of the level of food security and the associated causes in extractive families; iii) the analysis of the impacts of the different empirical models of açaizeiro management practiced by extractivists for the production of açaí fruit; and iv) the determination of the actors, factors and characteristics that interfere in the production supply chain of the açaí fruit from the extractivist point of view. The total study period was from June 2015 to February 2020, consisting of five harvests and six off-seasons, with some time cuts for specific issues. The methodology included document analysis, local interviews, application of food security standards and collection of production, income, environmental and forestry data. The results showed that the harvest and off-season periods on Ilha das Cinzas were from June to October and November to May, respectively. Self-consumption did not vary with the sale price in the harvest and off-season, comprising 23% of total production. Notwithstanding, the effects of seasonality were substantial for the variation of the local rasa price and for significant decreases in fruit production and average gross income/family in the off-season. About 65% of the interviewed families had food security. However, moderate to severe insecurity (FI) already occurs in 16% of them. The variables “gender” and “consumption of family agricultural production” explained 87% of the variation in FI. In this sense, families that have women as a provider and that produce and consume food from family farming were 60% and 50% less likely to have food insecurity, respectively. The practices of extractivists on Ilha das Cinzas were based on three types of empirical management models, namely: (i) productivist, (ii) intermediate and (iii) conservationist. The productivist type showed fruit production (kg) on average 109.5% and 281.4% higher than those of the intermediate and conservationist types, respectively, however they presented 52.6% and 35.7% lower floristic richness. Productivity of the açaizeiro was negatively correlated with shading and the size of surrounding trees. The trade-off between production and sustainability of the floodplain ecosystem must be considered when choosing the appropriate management. Public protection policies can provide a guideline for the limits considered acceptable in management practices for the economic and environmental sustainability of açaizais in the Amazon, although there is still a lack of technical standardization. The supply chain of the island's açaí fruit proved to be incomplete and formed by producers, intermediaries and suppliers. Four factors, represented by 75% of the variables used, explained 48% of the total variance of the variables, being named: (i) productive aspects, (ii) technological insertion, (iii) associative management and economic incentives and (iv) commercialization and promotion. Only factors (i) and (iv) were well evaluated by extractivists. Low mechanization, incipient use of technology and low training, combined with the absence of participation by the main community association, were the main obstacles for extractivists to increase production, productivity and phytosanitary safety in açaí. It is concluded that the general hypothesis of this study was confirmed, since the level of social, economic, environmental and food sustainability of the productive activity of the açaí of Ilha das Cinzas was the result of the way that extractive families empirically managed the açaí, the financial and food contributions resulting from the activity and the organizational level of the local açaí fruit production chain, which directly or indirectly interferes in the local development of their communities. Some factors would be essential to overcome the obstacles in the production chain of the açaí fruit from Ilha das Cinzas, such as the promotion of public policies that include actions aimed at continuous and quality technical training and capacity building, strengthening of local associations, economic incentives, technology transfer and interaction among intersectoral policies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fragmentação florestal na Amazônia brasileira: dinâmica, trajetória e conectividade
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-01-27) MORENO, Pedro Luis Trejo; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
Forest fragmentation is a global problem that affects society by impacting populations dependent on forests and ecosystem services. In the Amazon, this process is active, so it is necessary to establish strategies to face fragmentation. This study evaluates the trajectory of fragmentation and the connectivity function of the Legal Reserve (LR) of rural properties to propose possible strategic guidelines. Based on the hypothesis that fragmentation processes are differentiated among Amazon macro-regions and that the LR may contribute to the connectivity of fragmented areas, the objectives of this study focused on (1) analyzing forest fragmentation in the Brazilian Amazon in the context of landscape dynamics (2) analyzing the spatial temporal trajectory of fragmentation in the Brazilian Amazon with the purpose of guiding the design of environmental strategies and (3) evaluating the use of the LR as an element of forest connectivity in a case study. The analysis of the dynamics of fragmentation in the Amazon was carried out using the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response model. The trajectory of fragmentation of the Amazon biome was analyzed from fragmentation classes and metrics for the period 1985 - 2018 in three macro-regions [Western (WA), Central (CA) and Eastern (EA)]. Finally, using the municipality of Itupiranga, Pará State, as a case study to assess the contribution of LR to forest connectivity, two forest cover scenarios (business as usual - BAU and Optimistic) projected to 2039 were generated. The dynamics of fragmentation in the Amazon evaluated that the Drivers are public policies and international market dynamics that generate pressures associated, among others, with the opening of roads for agricultural activities, altering the State of the vegetation cover. The changes in the state of structure and ecological processes, especially at the edge of the fragments, have an Impact on ecosystem services. Responses have been implemented to curb deforestation, but with unsatisfactory results to fragmentation. The analysis of the trajectory of fragmentation in the Amazon was shown to be short and characterized by a modification from Core class to connecting forests and then to areas open by anthropic activities, leaving fragments disconnected during the process. However, the process was distinct among macro-regions. Fragmentation is higher in Eastern Amazon and lower in Western Amazon. The permanence of Core is lowest in EA (18 years) and highest in WA (32 years). EA shows higher permanence of anthropic activities (Background) (7.6 years), as opposed to WA (<1 year). Intermediate fragmentation classes have higher permanence in EA, which also shows higher entropy, turbulence, and complexity values. CA presents an intermediate fragmentation situation, requiring immediate attention. The macro-regions also differed in the increase in the number of fragments (136.5% WA, 182.2% CA and 277.9% EA), the decrease in the average area of fragments (-27.9% WA, -48.2% CA and -75.1% EA) and the 2018 Aggregation Index (98.6% WA, 97.6% CA and 92.1% EA). Forest cover in 2039 for Itupiranga was higher in the Optimistic scenario (56.9% of the municipality) than BAU scenario (28.3%). LR played an important role in creating ecological corridors by concentrating 66.5% of the municipality’s remaining forest in BAU and 73% in the Optimistic scenario. The structural and functional connectivity was higher in the Optimistic scenario, reflecting a lower sensitivity of the ecological profiles of species evaluated in this scenario. Due to the results obtained and the scarce presence of actions against fragmentation in the Amazon, a set of mitigating strategies are proposed: preserve and use secondary forests and the LR of rural properties as ways to connect and expand the area of fragments; expand and consolidate protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon, taking advantage of public forest areas not yet designated according to their socio-environmental and economic vocation; improve environmental management instruments; engage interested private actors; and, finally, elaborate and execute development plans adapted to the reality of each macro-region of the Amazon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Governança florestal via comércio internacional de madeira: políticas da União Europeia e suas influências nos atores sociais do Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-12-10) LIMA, Rayssa Yuki Murakami; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
Following the international trend towards sustainable and illegality-free production chains, the European Union (EU) has adopted its own policies and strategies that potentially impact countries such as Brazil, which produce a large part of the commodities consumed by the EU, including timber. In this sense, the objective of this study is to understand how ready Brazilian governance of the tropical native forest sector is to respond to the demands of this trend, based on domestic policies and strategies, as well as on the network of interaction and influence of its stakeholders. To meet this objective, a systematic review was first used using the PRISMA-P protocol to identify Brazilian and international instruments for promoting legality and sustainability in the timber sector. Next, a situational analysis was carried out to assess in detail the possible impacts of the EU Regulation for Deforestation-Free Products (EUDR) on the forest scenario in Brazil. Finally, the network analysis served to understand how the relationships and influence strategies of stakeholders in the Brazilian forest sector (government, private sector, civil society and academia) affect Brazilian governance in the international scenario. Our results indicate that Brazil is well positioned regarding instruments, particularly state-owned instruments, since they have synergies with each other and with international instruments in the same area. However, the effective implementation of these instruments remains the country's main challenge. In addition to correcting these shortcomings, the application of a policy mix and/or hybrid strategies based on national instruments would be necessary. Additionally, dialogue, cooperation and mutual accountability between producing and consuming countries, as well as economic incentives, are recommended. These recommendations are also valid for Brazil's alignment with the EUDR, since the country may face risks associated, above all, with legal and governance aspects (e.g: inconsistencies between EU standards and Brazilian environmental laws), economic (e.g: unequal distribution of additional costs) and socio-environmental (e.g: shifts to less regulated markets). On the other hand, the EUDR also offers opportunities for Brazil to strengthen its sustainability instruments and policies by seeking to maintain its exports to the EU. In the perception of stakeholders in the Brazilian forestry sector, the Regulation brings together more negative than positive perceptions and the networks of relationships and influences formed by them showed little connectivity. Furthermore, we identified asymmetries regarding the influence strategies of the determined focus groups: the federal government and the private sector tended towards influence strategies of direct retention of resources (e.g: direct control of information for decision-making), while civil society and academia tended towards indirect retention and indirect use strategies, respectively. We conclude that Brazilian forest governance has structures that are partially aligned with international sustainability and legality requirements. Brazil has good instruments in this sense, and they are connected to the needs of international governance, but it needs to improve their domestic implementation to be effective. The network of stakeholders needs to strengthen its cohesion and connectivity to improve its forms of influence on forest governance beyond the individual interests of groups. To remain a relevant player in the commodities trade, Brazil faces the challenge of adapting and improving its forest governance to the strict international demands for sustainability, such as European policies, overcoming historical illegalities in the timber production chain, improving existing instruments and strengthening the network of stakeholders. Consumer countries that have already been complicit in the problem by importing products of illegal origin should consider supporting producer countries in adapting their production methods to reduce socioenvironmental risks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impacto da concessão florestal na geração de emprego local: caso de Itapuã do Oeste, Rondônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03-21) RIBEIRO, Jime Rodrigues; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
In the humid tropics, the system of forest concessions has become the main mechanism for access to public forest resources. In Brazil, the forest concession was inaugurated as a public policy in 2006 through Law No. 11,284 of March 2, also known as the Public Forest Management Act. It had as one of its assumptions the generation of jobs in remote forest areas of Amazon. In order to assess if this impact has been effective around the first areas of forest concession in the country, the municipality of Itapuã do Oeste (Rondônia) was used as a case study. The impact of public policy was verified through the Synthetic Control technique for the period from 2002 to 2015. The impact on the generation of forestry jobs was felt starting in 2014, four years after the beginning of the operation of the concessions and was related to conjunctural factors, such as emergence of new concessions areas in Rondônia, contractual changes through federal resolution and compliance with local workers' qualification requirements. The municipality of Itapuã do Oeste benefited from increased jobs by concentrating the processing of the wood and receiving the demand for labor caused by other municipalities with forest concessions, but without the same structure. From this point of view, the planning of forest concessions in the Amazon would need to obey a regional perspective and in line with national and state development plans that overflow the sphere of environmental entities that now manage the concessions.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Monitoramento ambiental em concessões florestais estaduais: estudo de caso no conjunto de Glebas Mamuru-Arapiuns, Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2000-03-19) LIMA, Rayssa Yuki Murakami; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
As a pioneering experience started in 2011, forestry concessions in the Glebas Mamuru Arapiuns complex, in the west of the State of Pará, still lack assessments on the environmental monitoring employed by public and private agents. This study evaluated the performance of environmental monitoring by the competent actors, the effectiveness of that execution and the local forest governance employed in the areas granted. Execution was assessed based on the degree of compliance with the environmental monitoring baseline and the flow of internal processes, plus the perception of the actors. Forest effectiveness and governance were analyzed using guidelines and pillars adapted from international literature. The legal and procedural framework adopted by the state concession system brought security and stability in the face of unstable political scenarios. However, both compliance and monitoring effectiveness were partially satisfactory and dependent on each actor. The contract management body achieved 92% satisfactory compliance; the management plan's licensing and inspection body obtained 60% and the independent auditorsreached 100%. The two forest concessionaires assessed differed in compliance with the monitoring baseline, 75% satisfactory for Amazônia Florestal Ltda and 47% for LN Guerra Indústria e Comércio de Madeira Ltda. The effectiveness of environmental monitoring, in turn, was satisfactory in 50% of the evaluated principles. The forest governance of the state concessions of Mamuru-Arapiuns Glebas in their environmental dimension showed flaws in different pillars considered key to its success, which together indicated the need for improvements in forest governance. In this sense, in order to safeguard forest resources in a medium term, it is suggested to prioritize the strengthening of the institutions' technical and financial capacity, establish a more efficient communication flow between agencies and improve transparency processes
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ordenamento territorial e governança florestal no Oeste do Pará: o caso do conjunto de Glebas Mamuru-Arapiuns
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-07-20) MORAES, Iranilda Silva; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
The Amazon undesignated public forests total more than 60 million hectares and have been showing increasing values of deforestation rates. The Mamuru-Arapiuns Glebas Complex - CGMA, located in western Pará, had its territorial planning driven by the promotion of a forest-based economy, via state forest concessions. This study analyzes territorial planning and forest governance in this region in the period 2006- 2018, focusing on the process of destination of public forests and on the participatory process of social concertation built by multi-players and their different planning proposals, how this process contributed to changes in land use and deforestation rates, in addition to the performance of forest governance in the different post- territorial planning land management arrangements. Our hypothesis was that the territorial planning of undesignated public forests contributed to the resolution of historical conflicts, as well as allowing, in general, better forest governance, encouraging forest uses compatible with the land designation and reducing deforestation. The territorial and cartographic disputes were analyzed through the overlapping of different planning proposals and documents from public agencies. The analysis of the dynamics of land use was carried out in a GIS environment using data from the MapBiomas Project. For the assessment of forest governance in the different post-territorial planning land arrangements, performance indicators were elaborated, and their compliance evaluated based on documental analyses. It was observed that although the territorial planning has not reduced deforestation rates, it has contributed to the resolution of most of the existing conflicts, in addition to stimulating land uses more compatible with the land category and greater performance of management agencies through licensing and monitoring of environmental activities. The newly designated areas, although based on solid legal framework, showed lesser compliance with management mechanisms. The overall governance of the CGMA was satisfactory, although it differed between different land arrangements. With the allocation of public forests, it is plausible to expect some forest loss in favor of better local governance. In this sense, the consolidation of the land allocations established in the territorial planning is still crucial for the effective contribution of a forestry policy for local development, anchored in the promotion of sustainable productive practices and in the curbing of illegal practices that threaten the governance of public forests in the Amazon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Programa Parâmetros em Ação – Meio Ambiente na escola: avaliação de sua efetividade na rede pública de ensino em quatro municípios no estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-05-31) KRAUSE, Hildegard Magdalena Klever; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
It is expected in law that Environmental Education must be offered by schools in all levels in an interdisciplinary approach. This possibility should be established through a teachers capacitating policy, admitting that the environmental theme should be worked out in the routine of the schools, through interdisciplinary and transversal activities, and also including the theme in each discipline content. Because of the already known complexity of people becoming aware, it is expected that this kind of programs could contribute to structure the harmonic relationship between society and the environment and promote de sustainable use of natural resources. It is up to ask, if the proposal included in an continued teachers training program implemented in national scope - Programa Parâmetros em Ação – Meio Ambiente – is achieving its objectives. The study was realized in several levels of the public school system in four cities in the Pará state, which one of them was characterized as our control because it did not implement the program. The interest of this study was to assess, in the wide and complex teachers training process, how and if the teachers and the students of Paragominas, Ipixuna, Dom Eliseu and Ulianópolis practice the guiding directive that are diffused and propagated through this Environmental Education public politic. Our expectation was that the cities that developed this experience for longer time, would offer a general better performance, and also that schools, teachers and students would develop behaviors were autonomy actions should appear. However, this was not the outcome reached in this study. The expected difference between our control city and the others was not evident, there was no increase in the performance as a result from the time spent exercising the program, as well as the behaviors could remind a dynamic conservationism stile. This way, the implementation of the mentioned program did not present significative differences between the researched schools, according to the political, ideological, social and pedagogic structure of the Environmental Education program.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Regeneração florestal associada a tamanhos de clareiras: implicações para o manejo florestal sustentável
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-05-30) PINTO, Andréia Cristina Brito; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619
The conviction on the capacity of forest regeneration is one of the backbones of the sustainable forest management in a long term. The performance of the regenerative process, however, depends on the damage intensity of the logging activity, which can be reduced according to science-base interventions on suitable criteria to direct the good practices. In this sense, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different sizes of logging gaps on forest regeneration. The study was carried out in eastern Amazonia (Paragominas, Pará state, Brazil). We evaluated and monitored links of the regenerative process (e. g., herbivores vertebrate, seed rain, climatic factors) and/or others direct attributes of the regeneration (e. g., plant density, species richness, growth, recruitment, mortality) in two study sites. At Rio Capim ranch, with recent logging, fifteen 1.3 year old logging gaps were selected in an area of 300 ha of reduced impact logged forest and monitored for fifteen months. These gaps comprised three size categories: five small gaps (30-100 m2), five medium gaps (500-800 m2) and five large gaps (> 1.500 m2). At Cauaxi ranch, with old logging activity, twelve 8.5 years old logging gap had the direct attributes of its regeneration evaluated. The size categories were as above, except the larger gaps were smaller (1,000-1,400 m2). Our prediction is that higher species richness will occur in places of intermediary disturbances, in this case, in medium gaps (sensu Connell, 1978). Overall, this hypothesis was not confirmed. In Rio Capim ranch (1.3 year post-logging), although the larger gaps presented the lowest plant richness, the medium gaps were not the richest in species. Larger gaps showed more divergences to closed forest (control), they had higher temperatures, higher density, higher plant height growth, and higher vine growth. In medium gaps, the vines and pioneers species had also higher growth than in closed forest. The small gaps were more similar to closed forest, only differing on its higher pioneer density and growth (except vine growth). Both the seed rain and the impact of the herbivores on regeneration were indifferent to gap sizes, but show dependence on punctual features, such as presence of feeding sources to fauna and to seed production. The old gaps of Cauaxi ranch showed no significant differences among sizes and closed forests. Comparatively, the old gaps had lower density and higher relative species richness than younger gaps. According to our results and their potential implications to forest regeneration, the main recommendation of this study is that large gaps must be avoided. The small and medium gaps congregate more fortunate attributes to the sustainability of the timber management.

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