Teses em Ciências Ambientais (Doutorado) - PPGCA/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/9341

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aerossóis de queimadas e internações hospitalares por doenças respiratórias em crianças no Estado do Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-05-31) MOURA, Maurício do Nascimento; SILVA, Glauber Guimarães Cirino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4792139391237534; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-7603; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-5301
According to WHO, for every four deaths of children under 5 years, one is related to environmental pollution, which is equivalent to 93% of children living in environments with polluted atmosphere worldwide. This research investigated the variability of fires and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in children under 9 years of age, in a region deeply marked by changes in land use across the planet, with consecutive years in the ranking of deforestation, followed by fire of forest biomass: the state of Para. Eighteen years of time series of climatic variables, PM2.5, AOD and health were analyzed for two Para municipalities located in regions with very different environmental and social characteristics, through an ecological study of epidemiological character. In general, the two places analyzed showed an increase in the hospitalization rate in the second semester of each year of the historical series, despite Santarem showing high numbers of these records throughout the year. The climate also played an important role in increasing the incidence of respiratory syndromes, because it makes the environment conducive to fire action, however, the results showed that years without significant climatic anomalies can also present high records of fires and PM2.5. When these relationships were analyzed in just one year and with a record of fires, a clearer combination between the investigated variables was found, with good statistical correlation, as well as a surprising and worrying increase in fires in the municipality of Santarem, even surpassing Maraba, a municipality that has always been ahead with the highest values of deforestation, fires and air pollution. Maraba perceives the effects of fires in advance, in general, two months before Santarem, and this situation is explained by the geographic location, degree of forest preservation, response to climatic fluctuations, industrial activity and public policy action. A sample taken from the time series showed that Maraba reaches, at the height of the dry season, attention and emergency levels for PM2.5, thus presenting low air quality. Santarem did not register alarming levels, but daily monitoring detected many days with levels above the permitted level, in accordance with the standards established by environmental legislation. The levels of pollution detected can increase the number of outcomes for respiratory diseases, overloading the state's public health system.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da contribuição da pecuária bovina nas mudanças de uso da terra: uma abordagem multiescala no estado do Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-02-19) THALÊS, Marcelo Cordeiro; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6222-5534
Brazilian Amazon has gone through a number of different economic cycles linked to the exploitation of natural resources, integrated with global markets, which have intensified since the 1960s, most recently through the ongoing expansion of agribusiness. During this process of territorial construction, land use changes have occurred heterogeneously in both space and time, with mechanisms operating at a number of different scales. The present study analyzes the shifts in land use and the contribution of cattle ranching to the process of territorial construction based on monitoring methods and indicators applied at varying scales, from the local to the regional, as a contribution to territorial management. In the Brazilian state of Pará, the study was based on the diachronic cartography of the pioneer fronts, which was used to represent and delimit the regional contrasts among these fronts. The relationship between these pioneer fronts and the dynamics of the deforestation process was also analyzed, by period, between 2002 and 2017, which allowed the territories to be classified as (i) consolidated, in which ranching is being intensified, (ii) expanding, in which the fronts are used as a strategy of occupation, and (iii) areas free of deforestation. In the municipality of Paragominas, located in a territory undergoing consolidation, the landscape dynamics were analyzed by superimposing the maps of land use with those of the agricultural aptitude of the land and the distance to the principal highways, with the aim of developing a model for the restoration of the landscape. The local landscape dynamics can be divided into two principal systems of land use, one that is based on the expansion of the pasture in valleys with sandy soils, and the other, based on mechanized farming, which is currently expanding on the clayey plateaus. The analysis of these two systems provided three important insights for the eventual restoration of the landscape. The first point is that the intensification of land use increases the pressure on the forests, principally in the areas most adequate for farming. The second is that the intensification of land use frees up areas that are inadequate for mechanization, and could potentially be used for the restoration of the forest. The third point is that local governance should be employed to define spatially explicit policies capable of transforming the landscape. In the areas sampled, in southeastern Pará, observations were conducted at specific points for visual description of the characteristics of the pasture, which were used to construct a typology of the process of pasture degradation. When this pasture typology is related to the vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI-2, NDII-5, NDII-7) extracted from Landsat 7 (ETM+) images, it can be noted that the well-formed pasture, which is associated with a reduction in the cover and height of the vegetation, was also related to a reduction in the vegetation indices. In degraded and degrading pasture, there was a lack of precision in the differentiation of the well-formed pasture. The degraded pastures or those undergoing biological degradation were identified better, but still imprecisely in comparison with the well-formed pasture with low vegetation cover, whereas the pasture undergoing agricultural degradation was confused with the well-formed pasture with a medium to high percentage of vegetation cover. This approach has considerable potential for the monitoring of areas of pasture, but needs to be refined. The analyses at different scales reflect the importance of understanding shifts in land use during the process of territorial construction, with the primary objective of transforming this knowledge into an easily-understood diagnostic tool that should facilitate adequate decision-making.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da dinâmica da transição do regime de fogo na Amazônia brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-21) TAVARES, Paulo Amador; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-2341; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134
The Amazon biome has undergone significant changes in land use and land cover, and it is also being affected by global climate change. Consequently, the fire occurrence has become more frequent in the Amazon. Therefore, it is important to understand how the fire regime in this region occurs and its interactions with land use and climate. For these reasons, this study analyses the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon. In Chapter 1, we investigated the temporal fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon, considering changes in land use and forest cover. We collected annual data on fire occurrence, forest cover, deforestation rates, and soybean cultivation areas. Generalized linear mixed models and linear models were used to analyse the data and identify the key factors influencing this transition. We found that there is a fire transition process in the forest, and a quadratic model provided a better prediction of fire occurrence behaviour. Furthermore, the peak of fire occurrence is shifting towards more forested landscapes over time. Deforestation rates and the expansion of cultivation areas were found to be related to this transition, with deforestation having a greater impact on fire occurrence and cultivation expansion being more relevant in predicting the transition to more forested areas. In Chapter 2, we investigated the fire transition in forest landscapes of the Brazilian Amazon, aiming to understand how this transition occurs and which variables best explain the process. We used Latent Trajectory Analysis (LTA) and generalized linear mixed models to identify latent trajectories representing different patterns of land use over time. Two main latent trajectories were identified: the "Consolidated" trajectory, characterized by a longer history of deforestation, and the "Transition" trajectory, characterized by a more recent land occupation pattern. Forest cover and deforestation were the main predictors of forest fires in both trajectories, followed by water deficit. Mechanized agriculture did not show significant influence on either trajectory. An increase in burned forest areas was observed from 2015 onwards in both trajectories. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with land use changes and forest cover. They underscore the need to develop public policies that strengthen forest cover through initiatives like forest restoration and reduce deforestation in the Amazon region to ensure biodiversity conservation and carbon stocks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da dinâmica da transição do regime de fogo na Amazônia brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-21) TAVARES, Paulo Amador; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134
The Amazon biome has undergone significant changes in land use and land cover, and it is also being affected by global climate change. Consequently, the fire occurrence has become more frequent in the Amazon. Therefore, it is important to understand how the fire regime in this region occurs and its interactions with land use and climate. For these reasons, this study analyses the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon. In Chapter 1, we investigated the temporal fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon, considering changes in land use and forest cover. We collected annual data on fire occurrence, forest cover, deforestation rates, and soybean cultivation areas. Generalized linear mixed models and linear models were used to analyse the data and identify the key factors influencing this transition. We found that there is a fire transition process in the forest, and a quadratic model provided a better prediction of fire occurrence behaviour. Furthermore, the peak of fire occurrence is shifting towards more forested landscapes over time. Deforestation rates and the expansion of cultivation areas were found to be related to this transition, with deforestation having a greater impact on fire occurrence and cultivation expansion being more relevant in predicting the transition to more forested areas. In Chapter 2, we investigated the fire transition in forest landscapes of the Brazilian Amazon, aiming to understand how this transition occurs and which variables best explain the process. We used Latent Trajectory Analysis (LTA) and generalized linear mixed models to identify latent trajectories representing different patterns of land use over time. Two main latent trajectories were identified: the "Consolidated" trajectory, characterized by a longer history of deforestation, and the "Transition" trajectory, characterized by a more recent land occupation pattern. Forest cover and deforestation were the main predictors of forest fires in both trajectories, followed by water deficit. Mechanized agriculture did not show significant influence on either trajectory. An increase in burned forest areas was observed from 2015 onwards in both trajectories. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with land use changes and forest cover. They underscore the need to develop public policies that strengthen forest cover through initiatives like forest restoration and reduce deforestation in the Amazon region to ensure biodiversity conservation and carbon stocks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise de tendências de variáveis hidroclimáticas na bacia hidrográfica Araguaia-Tocantins e suas implicações na agricultura irrigada
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-02-28) SALAME, Camil Wadih; BARBOSA, Joaquim Carlos; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984
The Araguaia-Tocantins Hydrographic Basin (BHAT) is the most extensive in drainage area within the Brazilian territory, with processes of use and occupation increasing in terms of the demands of agribusiness and mineral exploration. In this research, a statistical study was carried out on the hydroclimatic trends (precipitation and flow) in BHAT and its relations with irrigated agriculture. The hydroclimatic mapping based on cluster analysis identified four homogeneous regions within the BHAT, two to the north with a predominance of high rainfall/flow rates and less water availability. In the BHTA the rainy regime occurs between December to March and the dry regime between May and September. The months of October/November (dry to rainy) and April (rainy to dry) are transitional penods with pronounced variations in the seasonal cycle. The geostatistical study of rainfall/river flow forecast revealed that the results using the Box-Jenkings model are relatively better when compared to the Artificial Neural Networks model. The integrated approach of hydroclimatic variables with agricultural data within the BHTA revealed a significant pattern of negative trends in rainfall and flows that are spatially consistent in regions of intense productivity of com and soybeans and cattle. A relevant result was the detection of a significant spatial correlation between the number of central pivots (irrigation) in regions with low water availability, which favor the productivity of temporary crops.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise dos fluxos turbulentos de CO2 e energia entre o ecossistema aquático e atmosfera na Flona de Caxiuanã-PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-02-26) SOUZA FILHO, José Danilo da Costa; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350
This research investigated turbulent fluxes of CO2 and energy at the interface of the Caxiuanã bay – atmosphere in the Caxiuanã National Forest (FLONA) located in the Eastern Amazon under influence of atmospheric variables, the bay dimension and the temperature gradient at the interface bay-atmosphere, during the years of 2013 and 2014. The data used in this study were obtained on average 7 meters above the water slide from a micrometeorological tower, installed in the Caxiuanã bay. Measures of fluxes of CO2 (FCO2), sensible heat (H) and latent heat (Le) were collected through a turbulent vortices system. Meteorological data were collected by an automatic weather station. It was verified that the precipitation registered in the studied years was superior to climatic standards. The average hourly water temperature of the bay was always higher than the air temperature over the months. The mean monthly vertical temperature gradient at the bay - atmosphere interface was always positive, reaching the highest and lowest values in the rainy and dry period, respectively. The results show a strong seasonal pattern in the partition of the energy balance to heat the atmosphere (H) and for the evaporation process (Le). In the FCO2 analysis we can verify a clear seasonal pattern with the rainy and dry period of the region, that is, the magnitudes of FCO2, both emission and sequestration by the bay, are higher in the rainy months when compared to the dry months.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise dos fluxos turbulentos de CO2 e energia, associada a percepção dos serviços ecossistêmicos em um manguezal amazônico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-04-30) FREIRE, Antonio Sérgio Cunha; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401
This interdisciplinary work proposal for the PhD in environmental sciences, in the field of physical climate research, investigated the turbulent flows of CO2 and energy in the mangrove forest at the Cuiarana experimental site, in the city of Salinópolis, Pará, under the influence of local atmospheric variability during the year 2015. Also, within this interdisciplinary perspective, the relationship between the local community and the forest surrounding the study area was also studied. In order to collect the turbulent data, a micrometeorological tower was installed in the mangrove, with high frequency sensors that collected the data of the atmospheric variables above the forest canopy. The meteorological data was collected from the UFRA tower, located 400m from the mangrove tower. For the social investigations, a case study was carried out based on the perception of the decision-makers, who occupy leadership positions in several organizational structures in the city of Salinópolis and in the town of Cuiarana, on the perception of the ecosystem services generated by the ecosystem of mangrove. It was verified that in the Cuiarana mangrove, in the year 2015, under ENOS, there was a reduction of precipitation in the region where it rained only 63.7% of the expected climatological variable. As for the sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat flux in the mangrove, it was observed that the maximum values for both variables were recorded at 14h, with LE peak in the rainy season and H in the less rainy season. In the analysis of the seasonal CO2 flow, it was verified that the highest magnitudes of absorption occurred in the rainy season, with a peak of absorption at 13h with -13.56 μmol.m2, whereas in the less rainy period, absorption peak was recorded of CO2 at 13h with -8.95 μmol.m2. Regarding the perception of the local leadership within the ecosystem services generated by the mangrove, it was noted that the valuation of these goods and services was considered by the interviewees, where direct use services such as habitation, fishing, generation of work, and income are mentioned as fundamental factors for the well-being of the riverside population. It was noticed from accounts of the fishermen that the transmission of knowledge occurs generation to generation with the purpose of maintaining the traditional labor practices and conservation of the mangrove.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aplicações de GNSS meteorologia: estudos de caso de eventos extremos de precipitação no Rio de Janeiro e Belém.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-06-18) MOTA, Galdino Viana; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984
Extreme rainfall events, concurrently triggered with floods, waterlogging and landslides, are temporally related to variations in zenith total delay (ZTD) and integrated water vapor (IWV) from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) meteorology. The relationship between ZTD/IWV variations and precipitation was investigated in this work, using means, time series, and case studies of extreme events in Rio de Janeiro between 2015 and 2018, and in Belém between 2010 and 2022. The GNSS data are from the International GNSS Monitoring and Assessment System (iGMAS) and the Brazilian Continuous Monitoring Network (RBMC), while the precipitation data come from the Rio de Janeiro City Hall Alert System (Alerta Rio), the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), and the Vale Technology Institute (ITV). In the composition of the ZTD/IWV and precipitation time series in Rio de Janeiro, quasi-linear ramps followed by nonlinear ramps were identified, with the highest rates of change and ZTD/IWV peaks occurring, respectively, 1–2 hours and 0.5 hours before the precipitation maxima, predominantly between 18:00 and 00:00 local time (LT). Case studies of extreme precipitation events during the rainy season revealed configurations in ZTD/IWV curves in the shape of: (i) oscillations named ‘asymmetric semisinusoid’ lasting 3–5 hours, formed by rapid vespertine growth in non-linear ramps, with an average rate of change at the inflection point of +11 (1.4) mm [15min]–1; (ii) a jump with an average rate of change of +17.3 (+2.66) mm [15min]–1 and a maximum of +21.3 (+3.33) mm [15min]–1; (iii) elongated ramps and oscillations named ‘bumps’ that were sequentially staggered on the ascending ramps lasting 1–2 hours; and (iv) ‘bumps’ or ascending ramps in already elevated values of ZTD/IWV due to the influence of meteorological systems such as the Humidity Convergence Zone (in Portuguese Zona de Convergência de Umidade, ZCOU) or the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) (in Portuguese Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul, ZCAS). Events with large volumes of rainfall were identified, resulting in the elevation of river, igarapé, and canal levels, causing flooding in various locations in Belém. Three events occurred during the less rainy season with very heavy rainfall from Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs), and others during the rainy season under the main influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The ZTD curves showed non-linear variations before and after significant rainfall events, with quasi-linear ascending ramps and peaks followed by descending ramps. As the events approached, the curves exhibited a ‘ZTD jumps’ configuration, with sudden increases preceding heavy rainfall or occurring in multiple jumps during intense rain events over several hours. However, some ZTD/IWV curves showed semisinusoid, bump, or jump configurations without resulting in precipitation, highlighting the existence of false alarms. Installing meteorological stations alongside GNSS stations to measure at least precipitation, pressure, temperature, and relative humidity with a 5-minute resolution is essential for monitoring extreme weather events. It is recommended to expand the analyses to longer periods, identify significant configurations in ZTD and IWV time series, define critical thresholds, and use advanced and more complex techniques such as neural networks, wavelet analysis for ZTD/IWV time series, or tropospheric tomography. These approaches are essential to improve the prediction of severe precipitation events, prevent and mitigate the impacts of adverse meteorological phenomena, ensure safety, and provide adequate infrastructure in affected areas.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Áreas úmidas e indicadores ambientais de planície flúvio estuarina na Amazônia Oriental.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-12-18) PINTO, Álvaro José de Almeida; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0187
The most extensive floodplains in the world occur in the Amazon River basin. In these locations, along the largest rivers, pulses of periodic flooding produce seasonal and dynamic connectivity between the smaller channels and the adjacent wetlands. Wetlands play a vital role in water quality, in addition to providing coastal stabilization and erosion control, aquifer recharge, serve as important habitats. The present study aimed to elaborate, based on environmental indicators, the characterization and classification of an estuarine fluvial plain in a humid area, and to evaluate its degree of environmental impact using bioindicators as an analysis tool, considering a gradient of water bodies. The present study took place in the municipalities of Barcarena and Abaetetuba, having an important and significant role, economic-financial, socio-cultural and migratory and ecological-environmental for the region and for the Amazon as a whole. In the present study, it was divided into two stages, considering the hypothesis and specific objectives. The first stage of characterization and classification of the region as wetlands, and the second stage was the use of biological indicators as a way of measuring the environmental quality of the areas. The indicators used for stage I were altimetry, rainfall, hydrography and land use and coverage, and such information was processed in a GIS environment. Additionally, the Topographic Index of Wet Areas (ITU) was used, and the method of map reclassification (topography, land use and precipitation) was proposed, generating product through map algebra, then defining areas with Potential for Formation of Wet Areas (PFAU). The second stage, was carried out after the classification of PFAU’s, using macrozoobenthos as an indicator of environmental quality. Sampling in the main drainages distributed in three sectors with different potential impacts. The sectors were: i) high impact sector ii) medium impact sector iii) low impact sector. In general the region of the present study predominates low altimetric values, the pluviometric precipitation for the annual accumulated, varied from 3594 mm to 4844 mm, not being a marked difference, more than 50% of the soil is characterized as area of agriculture and fields, being directly linked to the modified environments either by the occupation of the industrial pole, or by the use of land with buildings. It was possible to delimit the areas with the potential to form wetlands, being directly linked to the topographic processes and the main drainages. The results indicated that the structure of the community of benthic macroinvertebrates in the drainages surrounding the industrial port complex, shows a loss of environmental quality, with extreme effects of a fall in abundance and diversity. More tolerant taxa (Namalycastis caetensis, Cirolana sp., Pseudosphaeroma sp., Tubificidae and Chironominae) and sensitive (hydropsychidae and Eteone sp.) Impact conditions were identified and evaluated as potential bioindicators for monitoring.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aspectos geoambientais e climáticos da sub-bacia do rio Guamá no Nordeste Paraense.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-12-15) BARBOSA, Ivan Carlos da Costa; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-5301; SOUSA, Adriano Marlisom Leão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4371199443425884; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2809-5318
The sub-basin of the Guamá River (SBGR) is located in the Mesoregion of the Northeast more specifically in the microregion of Guamá, covers 12 municipalities and has presented a relevant economic and social growth. The Guamá River has economic, social and cultural importance for the municipalities of the region, because for it converge all drainage network composed of small tributaries and large tributaries inserted. Thus, the objective of the research was to evaluate the integration of climate, environmental and water variables with the current transformations of land use and occupation in the area of the sub-basin of the Guamá River, in northeastern Pará. Initially, the estimates of precipitation derived from satellites (remote sensing) for the SBGR area were evaluated and the observations provided by the National Water Agency were compared. Then were mapped and evaluated the different uses and land occupations in the SBGR in order to establish environmental vulnerability from the relationship of physical and biotic elements and their ecodynamics. Finally, the dynamics of physical and chemical parameters of the surface water of the Guamá River were evaluated as a function of seasonal and spatial variability. It was concluded that the data provided by remote databases overestimated by 12% and 13% (CHIRPS and GPCC, respectively) the data observed by pluviometers. However, despite the overestimation of rainfall, it was possible to obtain reliable and satisfactory data from the databases by remote sensing. As for land use and occupation, there was a higher amount of area (57%) characterized as exposed soil and ground vegetation, and a lower amount of area (42%) characterized as dense or secondary vegetation cover. Thus, it was noted the occurrence of areas with high environmental vulnerability (northern portion represented by the urban centers of cities like Ourém and São Miguel do Guamá) and very high (southern portion) as a result of land use and occupation associated with anthropic activities. The areas classified as low or very low vulnerability (central and southern portion), less vulnerable to environmental degradation, were associated with the presence of vegetation cover composed of primary and secondary forest, and less human presence. As for the hydrochemical variables of the surface water of the Guamá River, high spatial heterogeneity was observed along the 12 sampling points, the existence of upward and downward trends in the upstream to downstream direction and the influence of the seasonality of the region. Finally, it is a priority that the results of this research promote benefits to the population of the various localities visited and serve as a guiding instrument for public policies aimed at the conservation of natural resources.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação do processo de cobertura da terra no entorno de usinas hidrelétricas na Amazônia brasileira: a evolução da UHE de Tucuruí
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-05-16) MONTOYA, Andrés Danilo Velástegui; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594
The analysis of the environmental impacts produced by the construction of megaprojects in the Amazonia has been the field of study of several researches. In this work, the object of study was the Tucuruí hydroelectric power plant, built in the state of Pará. Since it is a strategic region for the expansion of the capacity of hydroelectric power generation of Brazil, it has been the focus of several analysis approaches aimed at subsidizing the best characterization of future scenarios. The model of land cover change was discussed in the riparian areas and in the surroundings of the reservoirs, motivated by the modification of the dynamics of the natural ecosystems. This phenomenon is caused by the extensive reservoirs and migratory aspects, in an already consolidated situation. It was carried out a multitemporal mapping and analysis of Landsat satellite images of the representative dates of the different stages of construction, inauguration, expansion and current scenario of the hydroelectric power plant. It was also sought to verify if the increase of the anthropic areas, in the municipalities directly affected by the reservoir, have a compensatory role in the improvement of the socioeconomic conditions in the region. In fact, these regions absorb the social, economic and environmental costs associated with the construction and operation of the plants, while the energy benefits are distributed to other regions of the country. It is hoped, therefore, to contribute with a critical evaluation of the new hydroelectric plans, predicting the possible environmental and social impacts of the project, given the history of events already observed in the Tucuruí hydroelectric power plant. Also, to contribute to the debate on elements that induce "regional development", thus subsidizing public management, the private sector and the academic community, regarding the formulation and implementation of actions aimed at the improvement of life quality in these localities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Castanhal nativo da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós: atributos edáficos, produção de serapilheira e perfil socioeconômico dos extrativistas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-08-07) GUERREIRO, Quêzia Leandro de Moura; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031
The seed Brazil nuts has high food value and is considered one of the main extractive products of the export zone of the northern region of Brazil. The study of the ecological and biological aspects of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) has been the objective of many studies, but the amount of research that approach the social and environmental variables related to the species is incipient. In this context, the present thesis sought to evaluate the edaphic attributes that most influence in plant development and litter production in the native castanhal area of the Tapajós National Forest (Tapajós FLONA), in addition to studying the socioeconomic factors and management practices, collection and the production of extractivists of Brazil nuts that reside in this area. The presentation of the obtained results was exposed in three chapters: the first chapter includes a geostatistical analysis of the physical-chemical factors of the soil; the second presents an estimate of the litter production in relation to the monthly average of the maximum temperature and the monthly totals of precipitation and insolation; and the third shows an analysis of the economic, social and management aspects of the Brazil nuts collectors that work in the Tapajós FLONA. The field samples were performed in a permanent 300 m x 300 m portion of the MapCast project, installed at km 84 of the Tapajós FLONA. The soil sample collections for the physico-chemical analyzes followed the recommendations described in the "Manual of laboratory: soil, water, plant nutrition, animal nutrition and food" of Embrapa, as well as the procedures for analytical determinations. For the litter collection, 12 containers were used in circular format and the deposited material was collected every 30 days and separated into classes (leaves, flowers and fruits, woody, miscellaneous). Socioeconomic, production and the form of extraction data of Brazil nuts were obtained through a structured interview conducted with 24 extractivists from the region. By Simple Kriging it was possible to estimate the concentration of nutrients studied for the entire area of the sample grid. The densification of Brazil nut trees was identified in areas with higher silt and clay values and lower values for macroporosity, pH, phosphorus, zinc and copper. Leaf production ranged from 169.9 to 965.6 kg ha-1 month-1, wood between 26.7 and 501.3 kg ha-1 month-1 and flowers and fruits between 0.6 and 19.6 kg ha-1 month-1. The wood and flowers and fruit classes presented no significant variation (p> 0.05) and no significant correlation with any meteorological variable. The three environmental variables analyzed explain 40.7% of the temporal variability of litter production. In all, 39 Brazil nuts extractivists were recorded. Most of these have a low level of education and are covered by the “Bolsa Família Program”. The production varied significantly between the 2013/2014, 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 harvests, and extraction practices are traditional. The Geostatistical Analysis allowed the knowledge of the current spatial distribution of the physical and chemical attributes of the soil in the studied area, which will serve as a basis of comparison for future evaluations in the same place and also to help understand environmental aspects in areas with agglomerations of Brazil nuts. The environmental variables temperature and insolation influence leaf production and total litter production in native castanhal area. The management practices of the castanhal and the collection and processing of the seeds applied by the extractivists of the studied communities do not present any innovation in relation to the traditional and rudimentary practices already informed in the literature. The variation between the harvests was influenced by the reduction of rains (caused by an event of El Niño installed in 2015) and by the frequent burned, according to the perception of the interviewees.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O clima e a vulnerabilidade socioambiental: interações na região costeira da Amazônia.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-03-05) SILVA, Santos, Marcos Ronielly da; PEREIRA, Luci Cajueiro Carneiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9883400404823218; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-5301
Coastal regions are the areas most affected by climate change, and therefore the most vulnerable, taking into account the intensity of climatic extremes and the great human concentration. In this context, this Doctoral Thesis work presents an analysis of the possible interactions of climate changes, associated with socioenvironmental processes, with a view to vulnerability in the coastal zone of the state of Pará. Specifically, we sought to: i) obtain the space-time variability precipitation in the coastal region of the Eastern Amazon; ii) know the distribution of physical and hydrological variables, during typical and atypical periods of climate and iii) examine the socio-environmental vulnerability of coastal municipalities in the face of climate change. Since climate change increases social and environmental vulnerability in the coastal region of the Amazon. For this purpose, standardized methodologies were used, adapted to each theme treated, with emphasis on the use of precipitation data by remote sensing of the technique - CMORPH, application of statistical analysis through Principal Component Analysis, Field collection through CTD for analysis of hydrological variables and identification of socio-environmental vulnerability using the Municipal Vulnerability Index (IVM) method. The main results found were: i) CMORPH evidenced the existence of a precipitation gradient in the two main rainfall modes, which explain 88% of the data variance. The first mode shows large-scale systems with rainy and less rainy periods. The second mode is associated with the occurrence of mesoscale systems. ii) rainfall and tides modulate local hydrological variables, showing greater variability in years of Dry and El Niño with greater complexity in open estuaries, a negative relationship between precipitation and salinity and a positive relationship with turbidity and chlorophyll was found, and iii) the most vulnerable municipalities are in the Marajó Island region - west of the study area, where the IVM varies between 1 (Afuá) and 0.55 (Soure) for scenarios 4.5 and 8.5, respectively. The Sensitivity (ISe) and Sociodemographic (ISd) sub-indices showed the greatest influence on the current vulnerability of the municipalities. These results provide scientific subsidies for decision making at the municipal level, and can be replicated for other regions, aiming at the adaptation of societies to climate change.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Clima urbano de Belém, Pará: percepção climática, climatologia e modelagem atmosférica.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-01-29) OLIVEIRA, Juarez Ventura de; PIMENTEL, Márcia Aparecida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3994635795557609; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-9777; COHEN, Júlia Clarinda Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0293299378753887; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-8915
The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of urbanization on Belém’s climate and how part of its population perceives climate change. Belém’s climate and the urban – atmospheric interaction were studied with meteorological station data and with simulations of three different soil cover scenarios (urbanization in 2017, 1986 and a scenario where all urbanization was replaced by forest) for the Belém’s Metropolitan Region (considered as the main urban areas of Belém, Ananindeua and Marituba) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The perception analysis was made via a questionnaire applied in four places with different socio and environmental characteristics. These places were select from the Socio – Environmental Typology Map that was developed using 2010 Census data and satellite image. From the four sites, two of them represent well vegetated and verticalized region, with medium/high income population and low demographic density (typology Type III). The other two places represent areas with sparse vegetation, with low houses, low income population and high demographic density (Type I). The results showed that, regardless of the typology, the questionnaire participants noticed changes in the climate of Belém. According to them, due to the development of local urbanization, Belém is warmer and with higher precipitation variability. The Belém weather station corroborated this perception, but stations in nearby municipalities have also warmed in recent years, making it difficult to link this change with urbanization. However, there is a greater accumulation of precipitation in Belém, which was not observed on the other stations data, and from the WRF results it was observed that the current characteristics of the RMB (Belém Metropolitan Region) can intensify the development of local convective systems, causing stronger storms and consequently higher accumulation of precipitation due to increased vertical wind shear and available energy for convection. Although the participants have perceived these changes and have been impacted by them (different for each typology, but mainly health and financial issues), most of them do not know how to adapt their life to this new climate scenario or adapts inefficiently to it due to a lack of knowledge, time and/or financial resources. However, when it comes to Belém itself, the interviewees were able to suggest adaptation strategies that can have a significant impact on the local climate and even minimize the effects of urbanization on the atmosphere.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Colonização micorrízica e disponibilidade de fósforo no solo em sistemas agroflorestais com palma de óleo na Amazônia.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-01-20) MAIA, Rodrigo da Silva; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2364-8822
Phosphorus (P) is considered the most expensive and limiting nutrient for agricultural production in the tropics, due to the limitations of phosphate reserves and adsorption phenomenon. In the Amazon agricultural production may be limited by 90% due to P deficiency. In recent decades the introduction of monocutives, such as oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in the state of Pará, has caused changes in land use, affecting nutrient availability and environmental dynamics. In this context, the insertion of oil palm into an alternative soil management model and conservationists such as the Agroforestry System (AS), can help reduce dependence on imported P, ensure greater use of P in the soil through organic sources and increase plant uptake through arbuscular mycorrhizae symbiosis. However, there is little information on the contribution of AS to P availability and mycorrhizal colonization in perennial crops like an oil palm in tropical agrosystems, especially in the Amazon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the labile and moderately P (organic and inorganic) fractions in soil and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in oil palm planted in biodiverse and monoculture agroforestry systems in the Brazilian Amazon. The P fractions were determined by sequential extraction method described by Hedley and mycorrhizal colonization was evaluated by intersection magnification method. Mycorrhizal colonization was generally 3.5 times higher in oil palm cultivated in Agroforestry in relation to monoculture and Agroforestry did not differ from monoculture in the supply of labile P and have a larger pool of moderately labile P in the soil. The results of the study showed that the adoption of Agroforestry Systems in oil palm cultivation in the Amazon is a promising practice to increase mycorrhizal colonization in this species and represents a type of advantageous management for the supply of available P and for the maintenance of P reserves compared to monoculture.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Conservação do Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllusStapf Ex Wardleworth) no Norte do Brasil: diversidade genética e impactos das mudanças climáticas futuras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-05-31) CORRÊA, Waléria Pereira Monteiro; CALDEIRA JUNIOR, Cecílio Frois; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4071467514868919; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4762-3515; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf Ex Wardleworth) is a medicinal plant found in the north/northeast of Brazil. In recent decades, disordered extractive exploitation, the advance of agriculture and other activities that result in deforestation, as well as ongoing climate changes, have induced direct and indirect impacts on the survival of this plant species. Jaborandi is a natural source of pilocarpine, an alkaloid used in the pharmaceutical industry to treat glaucoma and xerostomia. Therefore, the species is socio-environmental interest because the extractivism of its leaves has generated financial income for countless families, in addition to contributing to the conservation of the species in the region. In order to contribute to long-term conservation and survival strategies for the species, this study evaluated the structure and genetic diversity of the species P. microphyllus in a Conservation Unit (UC) in southeastern Pará (FLONA Carajás), as well as an environmental modeling study was developed to analyze the impacts of climate change on the geographic distribution of occurrence of jaborandi, in order to delineate suitable areas according to future climate scenarios. The results of the genetic study demonstrated the formation of 04 populations with high diversity and ecological structure, even with continuous extractivism within the Carajás FLONA, indicating that exploration has been taking place in a sustainable manner in the region. In the modeling study, the projections indicated impacts of climate change on the distribution of P. microphyllus with a reduction in suitable areas in the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes (Maranhão and Piauí) and expansion of the species in the protected areas of forest cover of the Amazon biome in southeastern Pará. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of diversity in the FLONA of Carajás and reinforce the need for management and conservation plans for P. microphyllus in priority areas, where the species finds favorable climatic conditions in future scenarios. In situ and ex situ conservation measures for this species are essential, since extracting the leaves contributes as a source of income for local communities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica da cobertura florestal a partir de análises realizadas em áreas de extração seletiva de madeira no Estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-09-29) ROCHA, Nívia Cristina Vieira; GALBRAITH, David; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2145475131329843; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-4477
The selective logging in the Amazon region is an activity that holds relevance in social, economic, and environmental aspects. In many cases, this is considered a low environmental impact activity in the forests when compared to deforestation. This research assessed canopy opening in selectively logged areas in Eastern Amazon over different years with reduced impact. Detailed monitoring was conducted in these areas using both hemispherical images and orbital images to evaluate the persistence of impacts over time. Hemispherical photographs were used to measure canopy opening and provide a high-resolution assessment of the logged areas. This study also utilized images obtained from Landsat, Sentinel, and Planet satellites. Spectral Mixture Analysis and enhancement techniques were applied to these orbital images to detect canopy opening impacts caused by selective logging. Hemispherical images revealed that even 17 years after the logging activities ceased, the impacts caused by selective logging were still discernible. Meanwhile, orbital images allowed for the identification of logging at different time intervals depending on their respective resolutions. From the results, this study highlights the importance of the combined use of hemispherical and satellite images to monitor the effects of selective logging over time in the Amazon. This enables a more comprehensive understanding of forest dynamics, the persistence of impacts, and the importance of continuous monitoring in logged areas to assess long-term effects and adopt sustainable management strategies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica da ocupação da terra e sua influência na suscetibilidade à erosão em Salinópolis - PA, Brasil.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-03-31) ROSA, Amanda Gama; ANDRADE, Milena Marília Nogueira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1930321094483005; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5799-7321; SOUSA, Adriano Marlisom Leão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4371199443425884; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2809-5318
The socio-spatial configuration of a region is defined by the interests of individuals in the search for space and exploitation of resources, being determinants in the dynamics and established occupation patterns. Occupation, when associated with planning deficiency, occurs in a disorderly manner, generating impacts both on the environment, on the population and on the economy. In coastal areas, as in the municipality of Salinopolis-PA, these impacts gain a large proportion, like erosion processes, given the fragility of these environments. In the face of this context, this study aims to evaluate the dynamics of land occupation in the municipality of Salinópolis, based on the study of land cover and influential factors, and apply them to assess the susceptibility to erosion on the coast of Atalaia Island. For this, we sought to: a) analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of land occupation for the years 2010, 2014 and 2018, in the coastal and urban areas of Salinópolis; b) identify the factors that influence the dynamics of occupation in the municipality, using the Pressure-State-Impact-Response (PEIR) model; and, finally, c) analyze the susceptibility of erosive processes on the coastline of Atalaia Island based on spatial analysis of land occupation, topography and geoindicators, in order to generate susceptibility mapping. The spatial analysis showed excellent classification quality, with Global Accuracy index of 0.86 and Kappa index of 0.83, showing reductions in areas of dense, non-dense vegetation and dunes, and an increase in the urbanized area, mainly on Atalaia Island and towards the continent. The areas of water and beach strip showed dynamics marked by coastal factors. The main factors that influenced the observed occupancy patterns were: distance to the sea; distance to the PA-444 and PA-124 highways; road mesh density; distance to areas of greater real estate speculation; degree of implementation of projects; distance to consolidated urban patches; distance to areas of less real estate speculation; and distance to the center. The study area was classified as Low, Medium and High Susceptibility to coastal erosion. The results indicated a high susceptibility to erosion in the central region of the island, involving part of the Atalaia and Farol Velho beaches, where there is intense urbanization on the coastline combined with slopes greater than 15%, with evidence of active erosion. The low susceptibility class was predominant in the east of the island, in low slope areas, mostly below 5%, and with developed and stable dune fields. The areas of medium susceptibility were distributed in the transition between the low and high classes, presenting intermediate characteristics of slope and occupation, with the presence of partially altered and discontinuous dunes. In addition, it was possible to indicate areas with potential risk of increased susceptibility to erosion, in high-slope sectors where urbanization is close. The results of this study allow the private sector and the population in general to have one more tool for territorial and environmental management, allowing decision-making, which can mitigate or avoid the impacts that occur today on the coast of the municipality of Salinopolis.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica da urbanização na região metropolitana de Belém e mudanças nos regimes sazonais durante o clima atual e futuro num cenário amazônico.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-04-29) GUTIERREZ, Carlos Benedito Barreiros; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984
The intense and systematic process of urban population densification and vegetation suppression, a characteristic of anthropic transformations, can trigger several changes not only in the geographic space, but also in the regional climate, thus yelding impacts on social and environmental dimensions. The main objective of this study is to quantify the spatial/temporal dynamics of changes in the surface cover of the Metropolitan Region of Belém (RMB), in eastern Amazon, with a focus on urbanization, during the last four decades, including analysis of the effects/impacts on the seasonal regimes of the rainy (January to April) and dry (July to November) regimes. In addition, a Downscaling study was performed using the regional model RegCM4 to generate future climate projections (next two decades) for the RMB associated with the impacts of global climate change. To achieve the proposed objectives, the study made use of demographic data from the IBGE, mapping by remote sensing with the application of physical indices to identify land use and cover changes, environmental data extracted from the MapBiomas platform and several in situ (station) and satellite (CRU, CHIRPS and CMORPH) climate databases. Statistical methods and quantitative analyzes were used in these databases. The results obtained in the independent study of multitemporal mapping by remote sensing, corroborated by the MapBiomas data, revealed major transformations over the regional landscape of the RMB in the last decades. Among the main evidences found, we can report: urban expansion conditioned a warmer climate in the city of Belém; in the RMB, the vegetation suppression led to the expansion of pasture/agriculture areas, whose environmental changes explained the trend of monotonic increase in air temperature in both seasonal regimes; Belém and RMB present trends of systematic intensification of the rainy regime. The projections generated by RegCM4 (considering the RCP8.5 scenario that is the most extreme of global warming) indicate that regional patterns of future climate in Belém and RMB will be affected by global climate change. Future climate simulations (next 25 years, 2021 to 2045) in relation to current climate data (last 35 years, 1986 to 2020) indicate that warmer urban climate conditions are expected to persist in the coming decades, with an increase in air temperature of 1.5ºC in the RMB and 1.3ºC in Belém for the dry regime and 1ºC in the RMB and 0.9ºC in Belém for the rainy regime. There are indications of continuation of the positive trend of the rainy regime with an increase in precipitation of about 25% in the RMB and 14% in Belém. Finally, it appears that the availability of satellite images, observational climate data bases and time series of meteorological data, associated with image geoprocessing techniques, advances in modeling science and computational technologies to perform downscaling with RegCM4, make possible the continuous monitoring and integrated investigation of the urban geographic space and seasonal climate pattern, whose scientific results are relevant to support the planning and decision-making of municipal environmental management and the elaboration of public policies for the benefit of society.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica do efluxo de dióxido de carbono (CO2) do solo em duas áreas distintas na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-08-16) MENDES, Emanuelly Melo de Oliveira; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2364-882; ARAÚJO, Alessandro Carioca de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6188087583954899; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-5087
Terrestrial ecosystems are important for understanding the exchange of CO2 between surface and atmosphere. Research has sought to understand the potential for carbon sequestration and emissions in different agroecosystems. Among them, the natural pastures that have significant participation in the carbon cycle food subsidy for meat production. As well as the production of palm oil responsible for the production of 30% of edible oil in the world and part of the production of biodiesel. In this study, two land cover uses (iLPF and oil palm monocultures) and CO2 efflux were evaluated. The closed dynamic chamber method associated with an infrared gas analyzer was used. This work presents monthly observations in monoculture of palm oil and in two iLPFs the first with African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.) And the second with teak (Tectona grandis L. f.). In the first case in the palm oil monoculture, leaf stacking was responsible for the higher CO2 efflux values within the measurement rings during the two observed periods (rainy and less rainy) compared to the two other observed points (palm base) and carrier). In the experiment carried out in the iLPF area, the dynamics of the CO2 efflux (EFCO2) differed between the three systems studied. The increase in EFCO2 During midday compared to mid-morning (eight hours) at all points studied. In the control area (capoeira) there was no great variation observed, being more stable. The highest EFCO2 values in the two iLPF systems (teak and mahogany) were found at the base of the trees for the mahogany system and in the trampled pasture for the teak system followed by the base of the trees. The low variation in CO2 soil efflux between morning and noon in capoeira may indicate that they resemble natural forests, with trees creating a soil microclimate that is suitable for the growth of soil microorganisms. Soil moisture correlated positively weakly at the base of the teak and in the transition area. In the case of soil temperature, no positive correlation was observed for the area in question, only moderately in the control area. In the analyzes, no positive correlations were found between EFCO2 and soil moisture at any of the points studied in the mahogany area. In turn, a weak relationship between Ts and area between trees was found. The smallest variations in soil temperature were found in poultry followed by iLPF mahogany in the shaded area (Base mahogany and among mahogany plants). The largest variations of Ts in the studied period (rainy) occurred in the area of iLPF with teak. Trees influence the CO2 dynamics when they are not distributed in forest areas.