Teses em Artes (Doutorado) - PPGARTES/ICA
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Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Arte-Educação em psicologia: a educação musical no tratamento de depressão e/ou ansiedade(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-11-20) SOUSA, Maria Jucilene Silva Guida de; FREITAS JÚNIOR, Áureo Déo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9902320223569217The purpose of this work starts from the idea-strength that Art-education and Psychology can be combined in the psychotherapeutic process of certain phenomena related to human behavior. It has the assertive that when they are used, both do not lose their importance front to the object of study, that is, without either being mischaracterized, subjugated or objectified in function of the other, nor subjected to a mere functionality. The general objective of the research is to analyze how Music Education can help in the quality of life of patients with depression and / or anxiety. Therefore, the problem that guided the research is described as follows: how can Music Education help in the treatment of people with Depression and / or Anxiety Disorders? Facing this problem, it is possible to understand that the exercise of Art Education by Music Education is not only a task of Music Educators, inside the classrooms, but it can also be of Psychopedagogues and Psychologists, who work in the Health area and who seek to qualify in the area of Music Education, to apply it in psychopedagogical and psychotherapeutic contexts, through clear and defined objectives in the promotion of individual and collective health. The study demonstrates how it is possible to apply Art-education in Psychology, in an interdependent and dialogical process, without losing its essence, since they all prioritize the subject in its differences. To such achievement, it uses the Phenomenological method that seeks to understand a phenomenon and not necessarily explain it. As a type of research, this thesis is qualitative and carried out theoretical-applied research, through Participatory Observation in an experimentation laboratory at the Psychology and Psychopedagogy Service of the State University of Maranhão, in São Luís-MA for two groups of patients with depression and or anxiety disorder: one for intervention with activities in Music Education and another for comparative testing of results. As a result, it was found that the group of patients who had Musical Education activities in the process of psychological and psycho-pedagogical intervention achieved 100% behavioral improvement, according to the tests and retest applied and the opinion of the multidisciplinary monitoring team , while the group of patients who did not have activities in Music Education achieved only 20% improvement. It concludes, therefore, that the initial hypothesis that music education contributes to minimizing depressive and / or anxiety disorders has been confirmedTese Acesso aberto (Open Access) O Auto do Santo Preto e a bênção das três fomes: a carnavalização-afeto das festividades jurunenses de São Benedito em Belém do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-11-06) CHAGAS, Eduardo Wagner Nunes; SANTA BRÍGIDA JÚNIOR, Miguel de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6889411521648199This work reflects the immersion of the last ten years of my life in the steps of the many processions, parties, litanies, dawns that are part of the complex of events that make up the festivities dedicated to São Benedito, held annually in the Jurunas neighborhood, in Belém do Pará, between the end of July and the beginning of August. Immersion lived in the flesh of a carnival-ethno-devotee, through which I perceive these festivities as spectacular cultural practices, possessing an exquisite symbolic vocabulary having the function of a line that borders and unites memories, belonging, identities, identifications, singularities, in a single banner, circumventing social tensions; actions supported by what I call carnavalizationaffection, a concept formulated in the light of understandings of carnivalization, party and affections, from Mikhail Bakhtin, Émile Durkheim, Michel Maffesoli and Davi Le Breton. In its epistemological horizon, the work is built on the glimpse of the world as a text, through the vision of Paul Ricouer, of interpretive anthropology, of Clifford Geertz, of the comprehensive and orgiastic sociologies, of Michel Maffesoli, and of the anthropology of emotions, of Davi Le Breton. In its methodological perspective, added to its epistemological horizon, the work is an ethnocenological product, bringing the experience of the researcher as a tool of the gaze, from which emerges the concept of spectacularity and the glimpse of these parties as Spectacular Organized Human Practices and Behaviors. Finally, the work translates into the burlesque reading of the samba schools' carnival, guiding the research of Benedictine processions through the spectacular look of a samba school plot, bringing together, in the same embroidery, research, artistic life and affects that emanate from me and me.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Crônica/Memorial sobre a produção artística na Belém do final do século XX: três coleções e alguns biografemas(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-03-18) CHARONE, Neder Roberto; SILVA, Joel Cardoso da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6918547599708778; SOUZA, José Afonso Medeiros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6045766440369156This research goes the way of history and memory to expose a participatory and observative experience of the cultural and artistic field in city of Belém do Pará in the last three decades of the 20th century. This chronological time space is constructed by a series of factors and attitudes that drive the productive field in the arts, mainly the visual and visual arts, caused by the earthquakes of the the 1960s, and the disruption of territorial isolation and Cultural. The way it is written has a structure of egohistory and significant understandings in a phenomenological sense; collections, collections, the relationship between owner and work, in addition to the existential space of both and complemented by commentary on the works in their composition, based on the teaching attitude of the teaching years. In the descriptive section of the decades there is a citation of the facts and their social and political inflows and their possible interference in the contents of the works contained in the collections. Ground zero of the investigation took place in a face-to-face interview about the origin of the set followed by its visual record, sequenced by the mapping of artists and techniques. The theoretical contribution is anchored mainly in Paul Rucouer, Araci Amaral, Francois Dosse, Peter Burke, Didi Huberman, Arnould Hauser, Jacques LeGoff, Philipp Blom, Terry Eagletom, Aby Warburg, Anne Cauqueliin, Walter Zanine Ulpiano Menezes, Pierre Nora, José Afonso Medeiros Souza, Mariza Mokarzel, Aldrin Moura Figueiredo in addition to the search in newspapers and periodicals that circulated in the decade studied and a source of paramount importance that were the libraries and collections of institutions such as museums and theaters to have the memory understood as college, but also understood as history of the arts in a certain period.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) EDEUCAÇÃO MUSICAL PARA CRIANÇAS COM AUTISMO: compondo caminhos à prática docente em Castanhal-PA(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-02-14) ZIMMER, Paulyane Nascimento; FREITAS JÚNIOR, Áureo Déo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9902320223569217The quality of music education in the early grades and the challenges of inclusion reveal the importance of providing training opportunities. This study aimed to build a training proposal for Music teachers to teach students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Early (Childhood Education and, to this end: (a) to format a training proposal for Music teachers with a focus on Teaching Music for children with ASD in Eariy Childhood Education; (b) apply training for musie teachers working in Castanhal/PA; and, (c) evaluate its impact on the course participants' practice during the rescarch. This is an experimental study with a Technical-scientific basis, cross-sectional and with a theoretical-practical focus, within the methodological parameters of action rescarch. The sample obtained by the non-parametric sampling technique includes 3 teacher trainers and 13 course participants, Five modules were formatied (Autism Spectrum Disorder and human development in childhood; MUSICAL EDUCATION AND AUTISM: materials and techniques for teaching music and inclusion; Edwin Gordon's Music Leaming Theory applied to Autism; MUSICAL EDUCATION AND INCLUSION: Planning and cvaluation; and, Superviscd Practice in Teaching Music to Chiláren with ASD). À website and six protocols were developed for data collection: Socio- demographic questionnaire and survey of the students knowledge; Structural assessment of the MusiTEA training modules; Questionnaire for validation of the MusiTEA website; Form for evaluating and adjustment of the MusiTEA training modutes; Lesson plan evaluation sheet (Supervised Practice); and, Supervised Practice Assessment Sheet (MusiTEA) - Recorded MLT Activity. The modules, protocols and website were validated by pairs of independent judges until obtaining a minimum of 80% agreement. The collected data on the use of exploratory analysis, descriptive analysis, as well as the Wilcoxon Test with null and attemative hypothes: HO-0.5 and 0.5 and 0.5 and 0.5, a = 0 05 (adopted 5%) and significance level of 95%. The Excel program was used for descriptive statistics, creation of tables, graphs and data cleaning, The good performance of the course participants was observed between the application of modules 1 and 2 (T * = 46.5 > Títabled) = S, rejects HO). However, there were mo improvements between modules | and 3 (T * = 17.5 > T(tabled) = 0, does not reject HO); registering a “fall” between the application of modules 2 and 3 (T * = 10 > Títable) = 2, does mot reject HO). In comparison with modules 1 and 4, the latter showed better performance (T * = 37 > Títabled) = 8, rejects HO). The performance oscillations support that HO should not be rejected in favor of HI, and it cannot be said that the course improved the course participants' performance, although the descriptive data reveal the substantial scope of the training. The retum of participants to teach classes in a hybrid format during the occurrence of module 3 proved to be one of the impacts of the Pandemic scenario. It s suggested to replicate the study 'with a larger n and review the modules.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Educação Musical e Autismo : Análise da Educação Musical como recurso de inclusão social presente no programa Violino em Grupo em Belém do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-09-03) BATISTA, Antônio de Pádua Araújo; FREITAS JÚNIOR, Áureo Déo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9902320223569217Working with music education in an inclusive perspective means making commitments to people, their families and the society in which they live, where making music becomes a social act, whose action can influence and provoke transformations. The “inclusion” theme has occupied a privileged place of debate on the agenda of major national and international conferences, with regard to the democratization of access for people with disabilities (PCDs) to education, leading to the creation of laws aimed at their specificities. With this, strengthened by the demands and pressures of various social groups that defend the recognition of this equality of access, important legal documents have been prepared, the Declaration of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (1975), the World Action Program for Persons with Disabilities ( 1982), the Declaration of Cartagena (1992), the Declaration of Salamanca (1994), the Charter for the Third Millennium (1999), Law No. 12764 (2012), which determines that people with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are considered people with disabilities, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - DSM-5 (2014) and Law No. 13,146 (2015), which institutes Social Inclusion and Citizenship of Persons with Disabilities (Statute of Persons with Disabilities). This study is justified by addressing a recurrent theme at national and international level, as the access of students with ASD to educational spaces is evident as an undeniable right, whether in regular education institutions, arts education or in the sporting environment, in character formal or informal. The study aimed to investigate Music Education, as a resource for social inclusion of children with ASD, present in the program "Violin in Group: interdisciplinarity and language innovation in children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder", developed in the Graduate Program in Arts of UFPA – PPGARTES. Its deployment takes place in three specific objectives: 1) Describe, based on previous works, audiovisual recordings and reports, the pedagogical actions, strategies and teaching resources applied in the Violin Group Extension Program laboratory; 2) Verify the musical learning of students with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), program participants, based on the collected data and, 3) Analyze the contributions of Music Education, as a resource for the social inclusion of children with ASD, through the Violin Group Program. To carry out this study, a bibliographic research was carried out, through a review of national and international literature, with a Quantitative approach and a Quasi-Experimental design, having as source the data collected through audiovisual and photographic records, reports, interviews and production academic, originated from the pedagogical practices developed in the program. The research revealed that students with ASD, when placed in a common teaching environment, can learn to play a musical instrument at a level similar to typical Neuro. It also revealed that the Music Education proposed by the Program fulfilled its role of social inclusion for PCD's students. It is expected that, through the registration of pedagogical resources and teaching material collected through this research, it will add to the professionals and institutions that promote Inclusive Music Education.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) O Ensino de música nas escolas públicas do município de Soure : um estudo de caso do Instituto Stella Maris(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-04-28) CONCEIÇÃO, Juliano Cássio da Silva; COHEN, Líliam Cristina Barros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0286644614789784This research was developed in the research line of Epistemic Theories and Interfaces in Arts and it aims to analyze how the music teaching is being developed in public schools of basic education in the county of Soure-Marajó-Pa, in a instance study of Stella Maris Institute, taking into account some features such as the implementation of the legislation, the use of regional musicality aspects in teaching as well as interdisciplinary way and the elaboration and implementation of public policy about the music teaching. From an ethnomusicological perspective, it is intended to observe whether regional musical expressions, although the musical experiences of students, are taking in consideration during the process of music teaching. It was used in the theoretical framework authors in the field of ethnomusicology such as Blacking (1974; 1981; 1995), Nettl (1983; 2005), Lühning (2014), Lühning; Tugny (2016) and Queiroz (2004; 2020). The experimentation is descriptive and exploratory in nature and it uses both primary data, through fieldwork activities and conducting interview, and secondary data, through bibliographic and documentary research. It is expected that the research results can offer a diagnosis of music teaching in schools in the countryside of Soure from this case study and can lead to reflection and evaluation of public policies aimed at music education in this county.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Entre marujas e marujos: recortes sobre o vestir no culto a São Benedito em Bragança (PA)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-01-07) BAENA, Graziela Ribeiro; LIMA, Wladilene de Sousa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4769018199137074The work is about the ways of dressing in the cult of Saint Benedict in the city of Bragança, Pará, Brazil. In 220 years of existence the cult was set up by conflicts with the official catholic church, but mainly by the effort of the members of the Brotherhood of the Glorious Saint Benedict of Bragança, founded in 1798. In this study the history of the city, the brotherhood and the cult are the background for a research on clothing and the importance of the dressing aspect in different moments in which the saint is honored, since the period of pilgrimage, to rehearsals, masses, processions and official dance performances.The discussion stages begin with a bibliographic survey of academic studies that have been published as books, theses or dissertations on the topic. Then, the work goes deeper in the study of the clothes used in different events of the cult of the saint. In addition, the experience inside the workplaces/houses of an artisan and a seamstress from Bragança, who manufacture clothes and acessories for the people called « marujas » and « marujas », is an important factor in the research. The workplaces, seen as a space of poetic construction, moves a writting process inspired by the act of sewing and investigated by the ethnomethodology. The climax of the research is the moment of practical experimentation described by the author, who makes her own clothes and hat, using the techniques learned from these hardworking and devout women from São Benedito. The filmed material made during the first research stages resulted in the documentary entitled "Among Marujas and Marujos", produced in the immersion held in December 2017 and which integrates part of the work in the search for a hybrid final presentation format. Having the audiovisual material as support for the development of theoretical and ethnographic thinking.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Imagens na história do vestuário : cânones e sintomas na obra Três Séculos de Modas (1923)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-02-14) SOARES, Fernando Augusto Hage; MARTINS, Benedita Afonso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6379814397024971This thesis seeks to undertake an analysis of the illustrated clothing history, highlighting the role of images in this field of study. The research had as a triggering object for questions the book Três Séculos de Modas/Three Centuries of Fashions, by João Affonso, published in 1923, whose images were analyzed through symptoms present in its set of 56 authorial illustrations. The text is divided into four sections: the first is dedicated to listing the main theoretical meanings that influenced the critical and investigative process, analyzing aspects of clothing and its visual aspects, historical conceptions in the field of art and clothing, notions of anachronism and assembly as a method. From these bases, the second part deals with accessing data on the canons of clothing history, discussed by several authors, mapping a set of 35 works located in digital collections referenced for consultation, which were divided into the following categories: clothing books, costume books, prints and customs, romantic/historicist books, modern books. In the third part, the analysis of the pioneering work in Brazil is presented, presenting considerations about its diffusion, locating its characters and the book within the previous historiography, in order to carry out the analysis of its images via the assembly process, where identified symptoms were examined in the set of illustrations (by the perception of postures, gestures, objects, silhouettes), which generated the following interpretation categories: Armored; Expressive; Grace; Fashionable; Essential Woman; Comfortable; Conformist; Modern Dandy. Such categories demonstrate ways of representing emotions and mentalities about fashion in Três Séculos de Modas, which can be understood as survivals, which had their aspects discussed in the text and could be used in other research. Finally, in the last topic, a historical approach was carried out on the illustrated books of clothing history published in Brazil, highlighting some titles by Brazilian and foreign authors, moving towards the so-called visual guides, and ending the thesis with a chronological analysis that seeks to list the set of publications in this field of study in Brazil until 2019.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) O lugar da arte na TV: caminhos possíveis e experimentações no programa circuito(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-09-04) ANDRADE, Ana Paula Dias; SILVA, Joel Cardoso da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4443040797308636Art, a fundamental cultural element for human societies, functions as an indicator of their degree of development. Thinking about new ways to strengthen this field and make it more accessible to the public are big challenges, which find voice in this research whose objective is, among others, to associate theories of the field of Art with Communication to propose new ways of approach and spaces for the art on the open television. The application of the concepts is tested in the program Circuito, from TV Cultura do Pará, in order to demonstrate how this theoretical-practical relationship can be established in television products. Initially, a survey is conducted on the productions dedicated to the field of Art on Brazilian TV, contributing with a drawing of the history of these formats at national and state level (Pará). It follows for the study and association of theories: Art Criticism, Cultural Journalism, Edutainment, Arts Education, Mediation in Arts, television and audiovisual language. Among the essencial references for this research are: Américo (2010), Argan (2010), Aumont (2012), Ballerini (2015), Barbosa (1999), Bourdieu (1996), Bucci (2000), Cauquelin (2005), Leal Filho (1998), Machado (2012), Moraes (2014), Nunes (2003), Piza (2003), Salles (2006), Venturi (2007), Walldén (2004). From the theories emerge the pillars for the content support that, posteriorly are studied in the Circuito program, as well as for the development of the television artedutainment. The research also brings a photo biography of the Circuit, as well as provides a small overview of Pará artistic productions in the last five years.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Mestres que criam: a produção do conhecimento no Mestrado Profissional em Artes no Estado do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-02-13) MENEZES, Joaquim Augusto Souza de; SILVA, Joel Cardoso da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6918547599708778The thesis analyzes, through subjectivity and in a narrative way, the production of knowledge in the Professional Master in Arts, aiming at the development of a theoretical framework that supports the strengthening of Educational Policy for the improvement of Basic Education. Therefore, it was necessary to study and reflect, respectively, on the twenty-five textual productions and essay products; in addition to identifying a minimum set of guidelines. The research was of a qualitative approach in the analysis of the twenty-five productions generated by the master's students of the 2014 and 2016 classes. The theoretical references are based on the Systematization of Brazilian Education. The results of the studies emphasize that the State of Pará, through Public Universities, can and should strengthen Postgraduate Programs focused on Basic Education. And it recommends the need for future studies, such as: identifying which professional training courses are necessary to promote the development of the municipalities and mesoregions studied, both at undergraduate and graduate levels; analyze the impacts arising from the participation of teachers in the Professional Master's Course in Arts; as well as to evaluate the capacity of the Public Universities of the State of Pará to install the Professional Master's Course in Arts, and other Professional Master's Courses in the various mesoregions of the State of Pará.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) O olhar na periferia: A trajetória de Luiz Braga através de Retumbante Natureza Humanizada(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-03-10) AZEVEDO, Thiago Guimarães; SOUZA, José Afonso Medeiros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6045766440369156The vast work of the photographer from Pará, Luiz Braga represents the construction of the gaze of an artist who develops an identity based on a visual aesthetic that dialogues with different fronts, such as photography, cinema, plastic arts, publicity and advertising, among others. In this sense, Luiz Braga over 40 years sought and developed a visual production about the Amazon that represents a perception of this space beyond the stereotypes already constructed in other images. However, making the Pará-Amazonian periphery a place of visual power, mainly due to the intervention made by these characters portrayed by the photographer with the use of color and their relationship with the landscape. In this way, these visual manifestations captured by Luiz Braga create a broad dialogue that ranges from anthropology as a method to create relationships with the ones to be photographed, as well as from the visual arts in relation to the montage of scenes, the capture of light and color and image subversion through Nightvision. In the exhibition Retumbante Natureza Humanizada, the anchoring point for understanding this trajectory developed by the photographer and seeking in it those points of singularity that make him a reference in the field of authorial photography. As a methodological aspect we resorted to interviews with the photographer, friends, work partners, curators. People who are somehow related to the artist or the exhibition itself. Research was also carried out in the photographer's archives and in people who had some connection with the artist who could contribute to the narrative construction around the exhibition and the images. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Luiz Braga started to participate in Lives on Instagram channels, talking about his trajectory with curators and critics. As a theoretical point, Walter Benjamin, João de Jesus Paes Loureiro, Roland Barthes, François Soulage, Roberto Signorini and others were sought as a way to understand the narrative process of the photographer's trajectory, as well as the understanding for reading his images. This research was funded by the University of the State of Pará through a training incentive grant.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Paisagem na neblina da arte cinematográfica: um pacto cinéfilo do Cineclube da Associação Paraense de Críticos Cinematográficos (APCC)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-11-29) CARVALHO, Marco Antonio Moreira; MARTINS, Benedita Afonso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6379814397024971This research will focus on the history of the film club of the Association of Cinematographic Critics (APCC), due to the importance of recording, analysis and dissemination of the works developed, from creation to the present day, and establishing relationships and educational proposals for cinema interaction with the subjects included in the world. All works are sources for reviewing and creating the concepts, function and importance of film clubs, as a space for showing films and stimulating studies on the evolution of cinema as art and its varied alternatives for creating and communicating with viewers. One of the goals is to value the work of Film Clubs and update, in contemporary times, their importance as an element of cultural action and film education. It also aims to document and analyze the actions carried out by the APCC Film Club, from 1967 to 2020, through bibliographic and documentary research (newspaper articles, interviews and advertisements), as well as the activities carried out, of the cultural agents involved, of the partners who collaborated with their performance and of the spectators of the programs carried out, in this film club movement in Belém-PA. When researching the history of a film club that shared film experiences with several spectators, it is understood that the evolution of cinematographic art took several attempts to create its own language with the contribution of several artists. However, the extensive trajectory of experiments required other means of insertion for the public, such as film clubs, these created in the 1920s, in France. These film clubs were fundamental for the understanding and appreciation of other cinematographic aesthetics. From the study of the performance of a film club located in the Amazon, with greater operational adversities than in other urban centers, the intense awakening of its agents' cinephilia and the importance of understanding its history to maintain film club ideals in activity is highlighted. In order to maintain and expand the actions of cinematographic culture practiced by this film club, it is necessary to think about an expanded filmmaking that includes a greater relationship between cinema as art and its relationship with the world in proposals that develop and explain its potential as an artistic medium. educational.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Sons, textos e visualidades: arte e ativismo político na história de artistas ligados ao cenário do Rock paraense(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-10-10) SILVA, Jaddson Luiz Sousa; SOUZA, José Afonso Medeiros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6045766440369156; SILVA, Joel Cardoso da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6918547599708778In the present work, the rock scene in Belém do Pará is approached from its social, cultural, artistic and economic characteristics, in order to investigate how three Pará artists were formed culturally, politically and artistically by it, as well as to also understand how these artists made this scenario, from their experiences, the stage of their artistic performances. The artists are: Alexandre Washington, Cosme Luiz and Marcos Moraes. The first artist, who also attends the pseudonym Joker Indian, developed a strong connection between his participation in the Anarco Punk Movement and his production in the areas of poetry, fanzines, performance and video poem. The second artist, in turn, acted as a singer and songwriter for a punk rock and hardcore band called Sem Deus Nem Pátria, and also worked with street theater, puppet theater and performance. Regarding the artist Marcos Moraes, it is noteworthy that he also acted as a musician and composer in many rock bands in Belém, besides having a fruitful trajectory in the production of zines, thus working with the Anarchist Movement, the Movement Anarco Punk and his inclination to the field of arts. Thus, current research develops an interdisciplinary analysis in the field of art history, articulating the history, anthropology and philosophy of art in order to trace the contribution of these artists to the social history of art in Belém do Pará. Historiographic sources, the basis for these reflections were: oral accounts, the fanzines and pamphlets made mainly by the artists studied here, as well as the productions of these artists, from writing poems to video performances. In this sense, the sources were understood as a monument document and served as the basis for the historical reflections presented here. Already as the main basis for the theoretical reflections, the social history of art and the relationship between history and biography gave important contributions to the understanding of the strong connection between art and life in the development of an art historiography that extended beyond the established artistic canons. by the elitist academies and circuits of art