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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da dinâmica da transição do regime de fogo na Amazônia brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-21) TAVARES, Paulo Amador; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-2341; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134
The Amazon biome has undergone significant changes in land use and land cover, and it is also being affected by global climate change. Consequently, the fire occurrence has become more frequent in the Amazon. Therefore, it is important to understand how the fire regime in this region occurs and its interactions with land use and climate. For these reasons, this study analyses the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon. In Chapter 1, we investigated the temporal fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon, considering changes in land use and forest cover. We collected annual data on fire occurrence, forest cover, deforestation rates, and soybean cultivation areas. Generalized linear mixed models and linear models were used to analyse the data and identify the key factors influencing this transition. We found that there is a fire transition process in the forest, and a quadratic model provided a better prediction of fire occurrence behaviour. Furthermore, the peak of fire occurrence is shifting towards more forested landscapes over time. Deforestation rates and the expansion of cultivation areas were found to be related to this transition, with deforestation having a greater impact on fire occurrence and cultivation expansion being more relevant in predicting the transition to more forested areas. In Chapter 2, we investigated the fire transition in forest landscapes of the Brazilian Amazon, aiming to understand how this transition occurs and which variables best explain the process. We used Latent Trajectory Analysis (LTA) and generalized linear mixed models to identify latent trajectories representing different patterns of land use over time. Two main latent trajectories were identified: the "Consolidated" trajectory, characterized by a longer history of deforestation, and the "Transition" trajectory, characterized by a more recent land occupation pattern. Forest cover and deforestation were the main predictors of forest fires in both trajectories, followed by water deficit. Mechanized agriculture did not show significant influence on either trajectory. An increase in burned forest areas was observed from 2015 onwards in both trajectories. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with land use changes and forest cover. They underscore the need to develop public policies that strengthen forest cover through initiatives like forest restoration and reduce deforestation in the Amazon region to ensure biodiversity conservation and carbon stocks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da dinâmica da transição do regime de fogo na Amazônia brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-21) TAVARES, Paulo Amador; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134
The Amazon biome has undergone significant changes in land use and land cover, and it is also being affected by global climate change. Consequently, the fire occurrence has become more frequent in the Amazon. Therefore, it is important to understand how the fire regime in this region occurs and its interactions with land use and climate. For these reasons, this study analyses the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon. In Chapter 1, we investigated the temporal fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon, considering changes in land use and forest cover. We collected annual data on fire occurrence, forest cover, deforestation rates, and soybean cultivation areas. Generalized linear mixed models and linear models were used to analyse the data and identify the key factors influencing this transition. We found that there is a fire transition process in the forest, and a quadratic model provided a better prediction of fire occurrence behaviour. Furthermore, the peak of fire occurrence is shifting towards more forested landscapes over time. Deforestation rates and the expansion of cultivation areas were found to be related to this transition, with deforestation having a greater impact on fire occurrence and cultivation expansion being more relevant in predicting the transition to more forested areas. In Chapter 2, we investigated the fire transition in forest landscapes of the Brazilian Amazon, aiming to understand how this transition occurs and which variables best explain the process. We used Latent Trajectory Analysis (LTA) and generalized linear mixed models to identify latent trajectories representing different patterns of land use over time. Two main latent trajectories were identified: the "Consolidated" trajectory, characterized by a longer history of deforestation, and the "Transition" trajectory, characterized by a more recent land occupation pattern. Forest cover and deforestation were the main predictors of forest fires in both trajectories, followed by water deficit. Mechanized agriculture did not show significant influence on either trajectory. An increase in burned forest areas was observed from 2015 onwards in both trajectories. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with land use changes and forest cover. They underscore the need to develop public policies that strengthen forest cover through initiatives like forest restoration and reduce deforestation in the Amazon region to ensure biodiversity conservation and carbon stocks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise e modelagem do dendezeiro (Elaeis guineenses Jacq.) no nordeste do Pará e implicações para o planejamento de territórios sustentáveis
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-01-29) LAMEIRA, Wanja Janayna de Miranda; TOLEDO, Peter Mann de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3990234183124986; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490
The national policy of biofuels to propose mitigate climate change by reducing CO2 emissions, make use of the carbon market, reduce deforestation and promote socialinclusion, especially in rural areas. In Amazon area this mobilization for palm oil (dendezeiro) is justified by presenting the best soil and climate conditions for this crop and have a huge amount of areas considered "degraded" which are priority for expansion of this crop. The objective of this study was to analyze the conditions of development of the palm oil area ("polo do dendezeiro") in Pará state, through the use of sustainability indicators, the support of GIS tools and the formulation of models of land use change, in order to assist in planning sustainable territories. It is an interdisciplinary research that used complementary methodologies to address the environmental and social dimensions of sustainability of the territory. The results show that: (i) there are differences in levels of development of the municipalities of Acará, Cametá, Concórdia do Pará, Igarapé-Açu, Moju Tailândia and Tomé-Açu in the "polo do dendê". Those municipalities without having sufficient conditions to promote their development, still remain as local and isolated towns; (ii) there was, from 2008 to 2013, an increase of approximately 80,272 ha to 146,611 ha (respectively) in the areas of oil palm, being the preferred location of these monocultures to the metropolitan area of Belém and in Moju Tailândia, Acará and Tomé –Açu munipalities; (iii) the most of thirty-seven municipalities in the "polo do dendê" have development conditions between regular and critical levels that are related to low economic diversification and social and environmental grievances accumulated with the development proposals that disregarded the particular region; (iv) there will be an increase of about 2.110km² oil palm in 2025 if it continues this trend of expansion, not getting worried since it does not represent 5% polo palm oil, but the question to be raised is where occur the changes and under what conditions. This results is useful for territorial planning from a broad debate on sustainable development in all aspects (social, economic and environmental). Territories for palm oil involves a set of actions managed in an integrated approach, able to promote the development of such crop in the region, without compromising conservation of biodiversity efforts, maintaining the ecological processes and improving the socioeconomic conditions. It seems that it is still necessary to go a long way for the sustainable expansion of oil palm occurs in the state of Pará.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação do processo de cobertura da terra no entorno de usinas hidrelétricas na Amazônia brasileira: a evolução da UHE de Tucuruí
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-05-16) MONTOYA, Andrés Danilo Velástegui; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594
The analysis of the environmental impacts produced by the construction of megaprojects in the Amazonia has been the field of study of several researches. In this work, the object of study was the Tucuruí hydroelectric power plant, built in the state of Pará. Since it is a strategic region for the expansion of the capacity of hydroelectric power generation of Brazil, it has been the focus of several analysis approaches aimed at subsidizing the best characterization of future scenarios. The model of land cover change was discussed in the riparian areas and in the surroundings of the reservoirs, motivated by the modification of the dynamics of the natural ecosystems. This phenomenon is caused by the extensive reservoirs and migratory aspects, in an already consolidated situation. It was carried out a multitemporal mapping and analysis of Landsat satellite images of the representative dates of the different stages of construction, inauguration, expansion and current scenario of the hydroelectric power plant. It was also sought to verify if the increase of the anthropic areas, in the municipalities directly affected by the reservoir, have a compensatory role in the improvement of the socioeconomic conditions in the region. In fact, these regions absorb the social, economic and environmental costs associated with the construction and operation of the plants, while the energy benefits are distributed to other regions of the country. It is hoped, therefore, to contribute with a critical evaluation of the new hydroelectric plans, predicting the possible environmental and social impacts of the project, given the history of events already observed in the Tucuruí hydroelectric power plant. Also, to contribute to the debate on elements that induce "regional development", thus subsidizing public management, the private sector and the academic community, regarding the formulation and implementation of actions aimed at the improvement of life quality in these localities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização estrutural e ambiental de bosques de mangue da costa paraense, como subsídios à conservação e qualidade de vida
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-09-02) CARVALHO, Elena Almeida de; JARDIM, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9596100367613471
The mangrove ecosystem is among the most productive in the world and in Brazil, occurs along almost the entire coast, from Amapá to Santa Catarina. In this research, the overall objective was to assess the environmental conditions in three mangrove forests of Pará coast, to identify environmental standards to demonstrate their conservation status and relationship with the quality of life of communities. The specific objectives were: to characterize the floristic composition and structure of mangroves; investigate soil-vegetation interrelations; investigate ways to use and environmental perceptions of human populations with mangroves; and conduct an interdisciplinary and systemic analysis of the floristic characteristics, soil and social in mangroves. The areas chosen were the municipalities of Soure (Marajo Island), Salinópolis and Maracanã (Algodoal Island). We used standardized methods to each topic discussed. As for the floristic composition, species were compatible to what the literature for this region and the prevailing environmental conditions. The woods had a high degree of structural development, and in Soure the highest values were recorded. Soil parameters translated a portion of the local and regional environmental scenario that these mangroves are submitted, and showed great influence on the composition, distribution and abundance of plant species present. Human communities showed diversity of uses of mangroves, having been in Salinópolis the largest variety of records. Environmental awareness about the conservation of this ecosystem, proved to be different between communities, and in Algodoal Island, there were records that showed lesser degree of traditional relationship with it. The interdisciplinary analysis involving physical, biological and anthropogenic components, indicated well preserved mangroves in their natural attributes, however, revealed a degree of threat that comes from only economistic visions for regional development. Warns to the need for actions linked to specific scientific research to detect the degree of threat to this ecosystem, and other coastal zone are subject, as well as public policy, environmental education, organization, supervision and practice of establishing legislation for protected areas and mangroves, for the maintenance of these ecosystems, and improving local communities quality of life.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Castanhal nativo da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós: atributos edáficos, produção de serapilheira e perfil socioeconômico dos extrativistas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-08-07) GUERREIRO, Quêzia Leandro de Moura; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031
The seed Brazil nuts has high food value and is considered one of the main extractive products of the export zone of the northern region of Brazil. The study of the ecological and biological aspects of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) has been the objective of many studies, but the amount of research that approach the social and environmental variables related to the species is incipient. In this context, the present thesis sought to evaluate the edaphic attributes that most influence in plant development and litter production in the native castanhal area of the Tapajós National Forest (Tapajós FLONA), in addition to studying the socioeconomic factors and management practices, collection and the production of extractivists of Brazil nuts that reside in this area. The presentation of the obtained results was exposed in three chapters: the first chapter includes a geostatistical analysis of the physical-chemical factors of the soil; the second presents an estimate of the litter production in relation to the monthly average of the maximum temperature and the monthly totals of precipitation and insolation; and the third shows an analysis of the economic, social and management aspects of the Brazil nuts collectors that work in the Tapajós FLONA. The field samples were performed in a permanent 300 m x 300 m portion of the MapCast project, installed at km 84 of the Tapajós FLONA. The soil sample collections for the physico-chemical analyzes followed the recommendations described in the "Manual of laboratory: soil, water, plant nutrition, animal nutrition and food" of Embrapa, as well as the procedures for analytical determinations. For the litter collection, 12 containers were used in circular format and the deposited material was collected every 30 days and separated into classes (leaves, flowers and fruits, woody, miscellaneous). Socioeconomic, production and the form of extraction data of Brazil nuts were obtained through a structured interview conducted with 24 extractivists from the region. By Simple Kriging it was possible to estimate the concentration of nutrients studied for the entire area of the sample grid. The densification of Brazil nut trees was identified in areas with higher silt and clay values and lower values for macroporosity, pH, phosphorus, zinc and copper. Leaf production ranged from 169.9 to 965.6 kg ha-1 month-1, wood between 26.7 and 501.3 kg ha-1 month-1 and flowers and fruits between 0.6 and 19.6 kg ha-1 month-1. The wood and flowers and fruit classes presented no significant variation (p> 0.05) and no significant correlation with any meteorological variable. The three environmental variables analyzed explain 40.7% of the temporal variability of litter production. In all, 39 Brazil nuts extractivists were recorded. Most of these have a low level of education and are covered by the “Bolsa Família Program”. The production varied significantly between the 2013/2014, 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 harvests, and extraction practices are traditional. The Geostatistical Analysis allowed the knowledge of the current spatial distribution of the physical and chemical attributes of the soil in the studied area, which will serve as a basis of comparison for future evaluations in the same place and also to help understand environmental aspects in areas with agglomerations of Brazil nuts. The environmental variables temperature and insolation influence leaf production and total litter production in native castanhal area. The management practices of the castanhal and the collection and processing of the seeds applied by the extractivists of the studied communities do not present any innovation in relation to the traditional and rudimentary practices already informed in the literature. The variation between the harvests was influenced by the reduction of rains (caused by an event of El Niño installed in 2015) and by the frequent burned, according to the perception of the interviewees.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Colonização micorrízica e disponibilidade de fósforo no solo em sistemas agroflorestais com palma de óleo na Amazônia.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-01-20) MAIA, Rodrigo da Silva; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2364-8822
Phosphorus (P) is considered the most expensive and limiting nutrient for agricultural production in the tropics, due to the limitations of phosphate reserves and adsorption phenomenon. In the Amazon agricultural production may be limited by 90% due to P deficiency. In recent decades the introduction of monocutives, such as oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in the state of Pará, has caused changes in land use, affecting nutrient availability and environmental dynamics. In this context, the insertion of oil palm into an alternative soil management model and conservationists such as the Agroforestry System (AS), can help reduce dependence on imported P, ensure greater use of P in the soil through organic sources and increase plant uptake through arbuscular mycorrhizae symbiosis. However, there is little information on the contribution of AS to P availability and mycorrhizal colonization in perennial crops like an oil palm in tropical agrosystems, especially in the Amazon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the labile and moderately P (organic and inorganic) fractions in soil and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in oil palm planted in biodiverse and monoculture agroforestry systems in the Brazilian Amazon. The P fractions were determined by sequential extraction method described by Hedley and mycorrhizal colonization was evaluated by intersection magnification method. Mycorrhizal colonization was generally 3.5 times higher in oil palm cultivated in Agroforestry in relation to monoculture and Agroforestry did not differ from monoculture in the supply of labile P and have a larger pool of moderately labile P in the soil. The results of the study showed that the adoption of Agroforestry Systems in oil palm cultivation in the Amazon is a promising practice to increase mycorrhizal colonization in this species and represents a type of advantageous management for the supply of available P and for the maintenance of P reserves compared to monoculture.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Economia de PFNM na Resex Guariba Roosevelt no noroeste Mato-Grossense
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-12-18) SANTOS, Alessandra Maria Filippin Passos; CATTANIO, Jpsé Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-9593
The Brazilian Amazon provides ecosystem services that are crucial for the entire planet, including carbon sequestration, climate regulation, biodiversity maintenance, and hydrological cycles. However, these benefits are increasingly threatened by environmental pressures, forest conversion, and illegal economic activities. To address these challenges, Brazil has implemented measures such as the creation of protected areas, such as Conservation Units. Among these, the Extractive Reserves (RESEX) stand out, as sustainable-use areas that are home to traditional communities, such as extractivists. This thesis focuses on the extractive activities within the Guariba Roosevelt RESEX, located in the state of Mato Grosso, the only RESEX in the state facing significant environmental pressures. The primary source of income for the extractivists is the exploitation of nontimber forest products (NTFP), and forest preservation is essential for maintaining their traditional way of life. To meet the study's objectives, an interdisciplinary methodology was employed, combining a bibliographic review of major academic scientific databases with field research in the RESEX, using semi-structured questionnaires. The results demonstrated the socioeconomic profile of the extractivists, showing that the majority are aged 40 or older, indicating a trend of younger generations leaving in search of alternative opportunities. This shift impacts the NTFP production. The study also identified the main NTFPs harvested in the RESEX and those with untapped potential, which remain unexploited due to logistics challenges, lack of training and insufficient labor. Additionally, a land use and land cover analysis using remote sensing data (raster format) from MapBiomas was conducted to assess erosion, avoided deforestation total carbon stock, and the RESEX ' s potential in the carbon market. Finally, the perceptions of extractivists regarding climate change, biodiversity, and outmigration of young people were analyzed. The findings indicate that young people are leaving the RESEX primarily for employment and education opportunities, and infrastructure improvements, they have lost interest in extractive activities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Os efeitos das políticas públicas de desenvolvimento socioeconômico na zona costeira do nordeste paraense: expansão rodoviária, urbanização e atividade turística
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-10-27) ALMEIDA, Adrielson Furtado; JARDIM, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9596100367613471
The development model of the Brazilian government from the 1960s onwards promoted the expansion of road, urbanization, circulation of capital and the development of new markets, such as tourism, in the coastal zone of the northeast of Pará. This work aimed to analyze the changes in the relationship between environmental, economic and social aspects resulting from public policies of socioeconomic development on the beaches of Crispim (Marapanim), Atalaia (Salinópolis) and Ajuruteua (Bragança), from the 1960’s. Specifically it sought to: a) Identify the main changes that occurred in the relationship between the environmental, economic and social aspects resulting from the public policies of socioeconomic development from 60’ies; B) to evaluate socioeconomic, environmental, urban and tourist indicators on the beaches of Crispim (Marapanim), Atalaia (Salinópolis) and Ajuruteua (Bragança) and, c) to evaluate the local community's performance in the process of consolidating policies for socioeconomic development and, guarantee of environmental standards. A standardized and adequate methodology was used for each topic. The main changes were the loss of the restinga vegetation and dunes for the installation of trade markets and second residences (environmental), replacement of fishing spaces for urbanization(social) and the replacement of traditional fishing activities for tourism (economic). Regarding the indicators, the three areas under study have an average (IDH-M). The main threats and impacts that affect the state of the environment that demand responses by public policies identified by the PIER Matrix were: excessive use and contamination of the water table, absence of public services and soil pollution, occupation of PPAs and erosion Coastal areas. Analyzing the tourism indicators (ICT), Atalaia Beach presented greater tourist competitiveness in relation to the other beaches studied. The work of the local community presents a certain mobilization, although there is conflict and divergences of interest that makes it difficult for the community to act, in which its absence causes the misdirection of public policies. The use and inappropriate occupation of space are the main causes of the current problematic situations identified by the survey research and analysis of socioeconomic, urban and tourist development indicators. It is essential that the local community act in public policies, together with public and private managers, so that together they plan and manage a different future scenario for which the reality is going.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estimativa do fluxo de metano e dióxido de carbono em áreas de manguezais do município de São Caetano de Odivelas - PA.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-12-03) MARTINÉZ CASTELLÓN, Saúl Edgardo; SILVA, José Francisco Berrêdo Reis da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1338038101910673; ROLLNIC, Marcelo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6585442266149471; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350
Mangroves are considered environmentally and socioeconomically productive ecosystems because of their contribution to mitigating climate change, capturing and storing CO2 in the aerial and underground biomass, and a large fraction of carbon is escaped from soil and water into the atmosphere. The mangrove areas are important contributors to greenhouse gases (GHG). The study highlights the monthly measurements of fluxes methane (FCH4) and carbon dioxide (FCO2) flows in mangrove forest at the soil-atmosphere interface (Macaca Island), and water-atmosphere interface (Mojuim Estuary). The measurements included the temporal (dry period: July to December 2017 and rainy: January to June 2018) and spatial, (high topography: 2.5 m and low: 2.0 m) scale. Flows are measured by the dynamic chamber method associated with an infrared gas analyser. Additionally, parameters were recorded. A) environmental, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed. B) physical and chemical water, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH. C) soil physical and chemical, soil temperature, soil moisture, organic matter, pH, organic total carbon, total nitrogen, and C/N ratio, microbial carbon, microbial nitrogen. The FCH4 in the soil varied in means of 0.1874 g m-2 d-1 and 0.0711 g m-2 d-1 between dry and rainy season. The FCO2 varied in means of 6.3607 g m-2 d-1, and 7.0542 g m-2 d-1 between dry and rainy season. The FCH4 ranged from 0.2360 g m-2 d-1 to 0.0271 g m-2 d-1 between low and high topography. The FCO2 ranged from 5.4383 g m-2 d-1, and 7.079 g m-2 d-1 between low and high topography. This could be related to the lower amount of organic matter, oxidized environment and good soil aeration in the high topography favoring FCH4 anoxia. The FCH4 in the estuary varied between season dry and rainy from 0.039 to 0.050 g m-2 d-1. The FCO2 varied between season dry and rainy from 10.474 g m-2 d-1 to 28.985 g m-2 d-1. The FCO2 present difference (p < 0.05) between the dry and rainy season, and may be influenced by the salubrious sea water in the tide and fresh water from the Mojuim River into the ebb. In this study it was observed that the highest FCH4 and FCO2 occur in the rainy season, and minimal variation of FCO2 in the soil.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impacto das queimadas em área de floresta no sul da Amazônia: uma reflexão ensaística sobre a precificação de carbono
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-10-16) SILVA, Simone Nazaré Rodrigues da; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-5301
Tropical forests are important global climate regulators. They store notable amounts of carbon in their living biomass and maintain a delicate biosphere-atmosphere relationship. Exogenous and endogenous factors need to be in perfect harmony for this relationship to work properly. Carbon cycling in the Amazon has been extensively studied due to changes in CO2 concentrations globally, in soil, water, and mainly in the atmosphere. This research aims to contribute by identifying anthropogenic disturbances (burning of forest biomass) and their influence on the net exchange of CO2 in a semi-deciduous forest area south of the Amazon basin. In situ micrometeorological measurements, located 50 km NE of Sinop-MT, are used to estimate the CO2 absorption potential under polluted (AOD ≫ 0.10) and unpolluted (AOD ≤ 0.10). Limitations, uncertainties, weaknesses, and physiological optima are determined and used as key subsidies for approaches concerning carbon pricing in Brazil. Remote orbital data from the MODIS sensor (AODm) and surface data from the AERONET 2.0 system (AODa) given a regional view of the impacts of the fires on the flow of solar radiation. We have used a long series of AODa measurements between 1997 and 2017 in determining a clear-sky solar irradiance model. Here, we’ve observed reductions and increases in %NEE for given pollution loads (AOD), relative irradiance f, and solar zenith angle (SZA). The results show a 40 % in f consistent with a significant increase in pollution loads (AODa) from 0.10 to 5.0 nos at 500 nm. We also observed an average increase of 35-70 % in NEE flux for AODa pollution levels above 1.25. We’ve attributed these increases to the increase of 40-60 % in the diffuse fraction of solar radiation (P AR(D)f ) about the direct fraction (SWi) due to the impact of Aerosols Organic emitted during biomass burning (BBOA). A statistically significant reduction and increase in biophysical variables was also observed, such as leaf canopy temperature (LCT ) and Vapor Pressure Deficit (V PD), respectively. An average increase of ∼ 3.0 ◦C and 10-15 % reduction in LCT and Tair was found under densely smoky sky conditions (AOD a ≫ 0.10). These results are useful in obtaining new calibration coefficients and new physical parameterizations of processes poorly represented in current numerical systems, such as the photosynthetic responses of semi-deciduous forests to regional carbon cycling in the Amazon. These findings also guide public policies for preserving the Cerrado-Amazon Forest ecotone and other pantropical ecosystems. We have prepared an essay highlighting the weaknesses and unfeasibility of political actions aimed at pricing carbon and ecosystem services, such as the sequestration of CO2. To this end, law 2,187/2009 (National Climate Change Policy) and PL-528A/2021 (Regulation of the Brazilian Emissions Reduction Market) are analyzed. As a result, it indicates the failures of the law above and refutation. It discusses unfeasibility, pointing out feasible solutions for new forms of exploitation, contrary to this mercantile logic that neglects the peculiarities and resilience of Amazonian ecosystems, supported by the idea of exploiting natural resources as a means unique for economic development and progress, thus hiding the current ecological crisis in which we live.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impactos das mudanças climáticas e do desflorestamento sobre a flora arbórea da Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-11-30) GOMES, Vitor Hugo Freitas; STEGGE, Hans ter; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7778964226916459; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490
Amazonia has an incredible biodiversity, shaped over millions of years. In recent millennia the climate in the region has become more humid, increasing the availability of suitable habitat for forest species and influencing its distributions and the expansion of the forest in this period. However, human influences on climate and land use have led to a reduction in the habitat of many species in the region, and projections show an intensification in the future with impacts potentially negative on the richness and distribution of Amazonian biodiversity. In addition, there are several knowledge gaps on how climate and land use has shaped and will shape the Amazonian rainforest, and the wide variety of methods available for such analysis also raises questions on the best methodological practices for studying an area as large and diverse as Amazonia. Understanding the origin, maintenance and loss of biodiversity has a profound importance for future human life. This thesis addresses some of the knowledge gaps on these topics, comparing methods of estimating richness and distribution of species of the Amazonian rainforest at different time scales. This study is an interdisciplinary research that relates aspects of different scientific areas to understanding the consequences of the two main threats to Amazonian biodiversity attributed to climate change and deforestation. The study was supported by a cooperation between the Naturalis Biodiversity Center – The Netherlands and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi – MPEG on a Sandwich Doctorate Scholarship – SWE (CNPq Prossess 203102/2015-0). Furthermore, the study is part of the INCT project Biodiversidade e Uso da Terra na Amazônia (Biodiversity and Land Use in Amazonia) (CNPq Prossess 574008/2008-0), coordinated by MPEG, which is dedicated to the study of biodiversity and Amazonian landscape, aiming to understand environmental and social consequences of different land uses, providing scientific bases for sustainable economic practices and support for public policies for Amazonia.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Indicadores ambientais para funcionalidade ecológica em florestas secundárias de diferentes idades na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-06-17) MEDEIROS, Priscila Sanjuan de; FERREIRA, Leandro Valle; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8103998556619871
Currently secondary forests occupy about 25% of the Amazon region, and have received attention for ecosystemic services they provide. Beyond the role in carbon sequestration, soil protection and water sources, secondary forests can shelter an enormous diversity. However, public policies directed to the maintenance of the succession process these forests are required, so that they can contribute with maintenance of biodiversity and environmental services. The objective of this work was to evaluate the ecological functionality of secondary forests of different ages, using as indicators that successional dynamics vegetation, seed bank, soil macrofauna and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The study was developed in areas of primary forest and secondary upland forest of different ages in Caxiuanã National Forest, in the state of Pará. We applied the Chronosequence method which is to the methodology most used for succession studies. 40 areas were selected, with an average size of 0.75 hectares, three areas of primary forest and 37 of secondary forest (capoeira). The time of abandonment these areas varies between 1 and 40 years and all have similar usage history. In each area it was implanted a permanent plot where vegetables individuals were sampled (understory and forest stratum) and where soil samples were taken to evaluate the seed bank and the density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In these plots was applied the methodology of Program "Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility" (TSBF) for the sampling of the soil macrofauna and earthworms. Six campaigns were conducted, three in the dry season and three in the rainy season. Were also collected soil moisture data, canopy opening, litter stock, amount of fine roots and soil physicochemical variables (K, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, N, pH, sand coarse sand fine , Silt and clay full). For a better compression of the relationships between biotic and abiotic variables data were analyzed and discussed in an approach continues and other categorical, classifying areas into four groups according to age of the secondary forest (stage 1-0 to 10 years; stage 2 – 11 to 25; stage 3 26 to 40; stage 4 primary forest). Vegetation variables and the life forms present in the seed bank showed strong relationship with the age of the secondary forest. The use of macrofauna as bioindicator demonstrated to be an excellent strategy for monitoring of secondary forests, enabling the conservation of these habitats and the correct management of their resources. Already the density and biomass of earthworms have low relationship with the successional process. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi showed up to be good indicators in the separation of primary and secondary forest. With this, we have environmental variables of vegetation, seed bank and soil macrofauna that have potential to be used in a quality index of ecosystemic functions in secondary upland forest.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Índices de desenvolvimento sustentável aplicados à Amazônia Legal como subsídios a políticas de combate ao desmatamento
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-11-30) VALE, Francinelli de Angeli Francisco do; VIERA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490; TOLEDO, Peter Mann de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3990234183124986
The history of land use and occupation in the Legal Amazon, intensive deforestation in the Deforestation Arc region and the current great concern with sustainable development has led to the adoption of measures that assess current levels of sustainability at local and regional scales. Besides, such actions can verify historically the relationship of these levels with the adopted public policies that advocate social, economic, institutional and environmental changes. The use of sustainability indicators has been envisioned as an instrument that contributes to making the concept of sustainability more objective, while at the same time it has been useful for the planning, monitoring and evaluation stages of public policies in several areas. In this work, three different methodologies were adopted, the Sustainable Development Index (IDS), Sustainability Barometer (BS) and the new Municipal Index to Combat Deforestation (IMCD). All information had the objective to analyze the sustainability level of the states of Amazônia Legal and the priority and monitored municipalities of the state of Pará. This study focused on the actions of the federal plan (Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in Amazonia - PPCDAm) and the state policy to curb deforestation through the Green Municipalities Program. The results indicate that only the state of Roraima was classified with acceptable performance of the IDS, while Maranhão presented critical level and the other states remained in the alert range; for the municipalities according to BS, only Altamira and Novo Progresso remained in the intermediate sustainability class for the two years analyzed, but there was progress in the deforestation control, comparing the year 2000 to 2010. Regarding the IMCD, Paragominas stands out with high value and the only one to fulfill all the goals of the PMV and PPCDAm, while Concordia do Pará, Garrafão do Norte and Aurora do Pará performed critically and were not effective in incorporating environmental management instruments to control deforestation. The tools used were useful and easy to use for the evaluation of sustainability. Therefore, it is recommended that this type of analysis be developed regularly so that the performance of the states and municipalities of the legal Amazon can be monitored.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O Lago Grande do Curuai: história fundiária, usos da terra e relações de poder numa área de transição várzea-terra firme na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-12-07) FOLHES, Ricardo Theophilo; TOURNEAU, François-Michel Le; SANTOS JÚNIOR, Roberto Araújo de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9355107718329833
The aim of this study is to understand the role of the social and environmental order influenced the peopling, land appropriation and the seasonal use of natural resources between floodplains (várzea) and firm land (terra firme) ecosystems in the Brazilian Amazon. I follow an historical and ethnographical approach to examine how social practices and the local power relations influenced the interrelated dynamic between social life and water movements (floods and droughts). The study area is Lago Grande, located in the city of Santarem, Pará State bordering the towns of Óbidos and Juruti. The main question is to investigate if power relations among social groups established and inherited during the colonial living in Lago Grande region are still operating in current times, and how this situation affects the control of transhumance between várzea and terra firme ecosystems. I conclude that the Amazon floodplains are still controlled by local elites, represented by land and livestock owners. The local elite established their socio-political power during colonial times, dominating an increasing process of entering from várzea to terra firme areas (i.e. deforestation). Since 1950, the main economical activity responsible for the expansion of land use from várzea to terra firme was cattle raising through transhumance between both ecosystems. Transumance has received a specific attention in this study, for it is among the main factors encouraging the circulation of local population between várzea and terra firme environments. From 1970‘s, large farmers started the transhumance which was later followed by smaller farmers, and intensified through the 1990‘s. Cattle ranching builds on three local practices which promote transhumance: ―societies‖, ―permissions‖ and land rentals (arrendamentos). A joint analysis allowed me to demonstrate that ―societies‖ between large and small farmers sustain the cattle ranching growth. In 2005, an Agro-extractivist Settlement was created (PAE Lago Grande) to favor land distribution and better economical opportunities among local populations. Though, the territorial unit included terra firme but not the areas of the várzea ecosystem, vital for the local economy part of the year. Additionally, the PAE also did not alter the land tenure, keeping the same historically constructed power structures it aimed to deconstruct.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mudanças de uso da terra em paisagens agrícolas com palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) e implicações para a biodiversidade arbórea na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-09-30) ALMEIDA, Arlete Silva de; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490
The expansion of oil palm in the Amazon is associated with a number of public policy, in the form of actions and programs and has provoked economic and ecological changes in the region and challenge the society to monitor and control the palm cultivation expansion on a large scale. The municipalities from the "Palm region" in Pará state, as Moju, intensified cultivation of this palm tree and suffered intense modifications in thier natural ecosystems. In Addition this new frontier of bioenergy challenged the paradigm of sustainability, with social and environmental conflicts and replacement of subsistence farming by the palm. Little is known about the consequences that a large-scale monoculture can cause in the amazonian environment. To follow this new productive dynamic with palm oil are required interdisciplinary studies that contribute to identify how environmental respond to changes associated to the new agricultural frontier with oil palm. In this context, the overall objective of this research is to analyze the changes, the conflicts and the trajectories of land uses, as well as the value of conservation of the biodiversity of the plantations of oil palm and other land uses predominate in eastern Pará. The work is organized into five chapters including the first one which introduce the subject of the thesis. The other four are guided by the following specificobjectives: a) analyze the land use conflicts in Moju county, Pará state, Brazil, within areas of permanent preservation -PPA, according with the Brazilian Forest Code of 2012; b) map and quantify the types of land cover and land use in 2013 in three areas (Ubá, Arauaí e Mamorana), where the implementation of oil palm cultivation is present; c) capture the space-time variability in the changes of trajectories in landscapes of 1991-2013 and identify the effect of changes of land use in the structure of the landscape; and d) investigate the variation in the carbon stock and species richness of trees in different land use and vegetation cover in the three studied areas. For the study of conflicts in APPs in Moju, were used 29 multispectral images of high resolutions by RapidEye satellite of 2010. The results show that the area destined legally for permanent preservation (APP) in Moju is 47,357.06 ha, representing 5.21% of the municipal area. The PPAs with natural vegetation represent 68.60% of the APPs of the municipal area, about 28% of the PPAs have use conflicting with predominance of pasture in 15.6%. Only 0.63% of APPs is occpupied by palm oil. The application of the new recomposition guidelines for APPs according to the new Forest Code will result in the loss of 60.69% of the APP-recovered areas in this municipality. The analysis of vegetation cover and land use in 2013 in the three selected areas (Ubá, Arauaí and Mamorana) was made by the method of decision tree in images of the satellite Landsat-8 year of 2013. The overall performance of the classification was 0.87% (index kappa). The results show greater extension of primary forests in Mamorana, area in the beginning of cultivating oil palm. Agriculture predominate in all areas analysed. For the analyses of trajectories changes of land uses and the effects on the landscape structure i the landscape we made classification using decision tree method in images of the satellite Landsat TM-5 for the years 1991, 1995, 2001, 2005 and 2010, and Landsat-8 for the year 2013, through the ImgToos programs, ENVI and ArcGIS. The landscape structure was carried out through the landscape metrics (PLAND, LPI, PD and PROX-MN) using the FRAGSTATS program. v. 3.3. The classification achieved overall performance of 0.87% for the kappa index. In the period 1991-2013 the conversion of primary forest to other uses occurred in a ratio of 47.82%, while the degraded forest (17%) and oil palm (11%) had the largest increase in occupancy in 2013. We emphasize that the transition of the primary forest to palm oil was 20% in the 22 years under study, which led to a PD (fragments density index) with considerable amounts, attaining a level from 0.3 to 4.5 (number of patches/ 100 ha). Such conversions define the fragmentation intensity of primary forest. The investigation about the biodiversity response and carbon stocks in different forest cover and land uses was made through a floristic inventory of trees greater than or equal to 2 cm DBH in plots ranging from 1, 500 and 2500 m2 on each forest cover/land use analyzed. Intheall 8.55 ha sampling were registered 5,770 individual trees, distributed in 425 species and 74 families. The primary forest presented carbon stock higher than 80 Mg/ha, while palm oil, pasture and secondary forest presented less than 50 Mg/ha, noting that the oil palm retains impoverished communities of trees, and its tree composition is poorer than the pasture, while the stock of carbon is higher. In this study, in 22 years of the analysis we observed that primary forests covers less than 30% of the landscape, a critical level for biodiversity conservation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra e as perspectivas da abordagem nexus água, alimento e ecossistemas em bacias hidrográficas costeiras do Nordeste Paraense, Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-02-23) DUTRA, Vitor Abner Borges; TOLEDO, Peter Mann de Toledo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3990234183124986; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0187
The Amazon is increasingly gaining global spotlight, despite chronically suffering the massive destruction of its ecosystems. In this context, this thesis focused on the question “to what extent will changes in land use and cover modify the landscapes of watersheds in the Eastern Amazon by 2030 and how do these changes imply the achievement of environmental goals to promote sustainable development?”. Thus, three scientific articles were prepared, where the first two dealt with the region’s spatio-temporal changes in the recent past and near future, and the third designed an integrated Nexus approach of water, food and ecosystem indicators, aligned with current environmental policies. In the first article, the dynamics of the landscapes of three watersheds between 1985 and 2019 were evaluated. The results revealed a significant conversion from forest to pasture of approximately 1,000 km², with an increase in forest fragments from 2547 to 6604, highlighting the importance of measures conservation and recovery of vegetation for the maintenance of local ecosystems. In the second article, simulations of future land cover scenarios for the region were carried out, with an emphasis on deforestation and its greenhouse gas emissions, under three hypothetical scenarios. The results indicated that, regardless of the scenario, the region could face a significant increase in deforestation and emissions by 2030, with deforestation varying from 90 thousand hectares to 125 thousand hectares, and respective greenhouse gas emissions between 3.67% and 5.09% of total emissions of the Pará State, highlighting the urgency of implementing policies for the conservation and recovery of native vegetation. In the third article, the interconnection of water, food and ecosystem indicators was explored, under the backdrop of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda and the Amazon Now State Plan. We identified some challenges, such as low environmental compliance and high pressure on water and forestry resources. However, opportunities for improvements were also identified, such as encouraging the adoption of agroforestry systems, the recovery of permanent preservation areas around water resources and the use of thriving crops from the Amazon bioeconomy, as they can result in socioeconomic and environmental improvements in the region. In summary, the studies demonstrated the complexity of environmental changes in the Eastern Amazon and the importance of an integrated approach to address pressing challenges. For a successful experience, actions must be coordinated between governments, local communities and other stakeholders, in order to guarantee the conservation of local ecosystems and the well-being of current and future generations.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O papel de espécies arbóreas e fatores edáficos na variação espacial do sistema serapilheira em uma floresta de terra firme na Amazônia: conhecimento e perspectivas para a conservação
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-11-13) QUEIROZ, Maria Elisa Ferreira de; LAVELLE, Patrick; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5850683517396587; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2364-8822
The dense ombrophilous forest, also known as tropical rain forest, is a formation that presents great complexity in the composition, distribution and density of species and occupies a good part of the Brazilian Amazon. In the region, the differences between plant communities and animals form a mosaic divided into eight areas or centers of endemism, separated by the main rivers, with their own biota and evolutionary relationships, three of which (Belém, Xingu and Tapajós) are entirely Brazilian. The Belém endemism center is the most threatened by deforestation and small-scale local investigations are essential to understand the effects of this disturbance on the functioning of the forest. The decomposition of litter is one of the key factors of this functioning and occurs in a hierarchical sequence of interaction processes mediated by climatic factors (temperature and humidity), physical properties of the soil, chemical limitations related to the sources of resources and biological regulation (micro and macroorganisms). In this research, it was discovered that sensitive changes in the structure of a primary forest threatened by urban growth, caused by the intensity of the natural succession dynamics, altered the humus system, since the organisms' competition for nutrients depleted the soil during the regeneration of areas affected by falling trees. Thus, the physical-chemical conditions of the forest soil became a selective filter of tree species and the major factors in the decomposition hierarchy, since temperature and humidity had little variation in the system. Then, leaves of specific tree species of the humus system, which formed a finer structure, determined the diversity of saprotrophic fungi positively related to the better quality of these leaves and the soil. Conversely, where the litter morphology was thicker and more structured, there was an increase in the diversity of litter transforming macrofauna, to the detriment of earthworm populations, which preferred higher quality leaves and soil. Soilplant-decomposer interactions are indicators of decomposition speed in humus systems, with consequent formation of mosaics of litter spots with different decomposition dynamics. Thus, places where humus function was classified as Mesomull or Oligomull were characterized by soils with a high available carbon content and good cation exchange capacity. Mull type humus systems are sensitive to variations in soil quality and earthworm activity. This explained the change to the Dysmull humus system in areas with large leaves, characterized by low nutrient availability, as confirmed in the soils of these places, although a slow functioning may indicate a conservative state of organic matter. The methodology proved to be favorable to predict changes at different scales that may affect the forest restoration.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Percepção ambiental sobre mudanças climáticas em comunidades costeiras na Amazônia, ameaças ao bem-estar e sobrevivência local: um estudo na Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Soure, Pará, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-08-04) ASSIS, Davison Marcio Silva de; MARTINS, Ana Cláudia Caldeira Tavares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6547250062275801; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4972-036X; GODOY, Bruno Spacek; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4036516695601666; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9751-9885
Climate change, a global phenomenon with serious consequences for ecosystems, is affecting nature and the human populations that live in it and depend on its goods and services on a large scale, and coastal areas, being more exposed to the effects of this phenomenon, have been affected to an unprecedented extent. The reduction in the services provided by these areas has a direct impact on the way of life of the human populations living there, who have established a relationship of dependence on nature and its resources. The Marine Extractive Reserve of Soure, located on the coast of the Eastern Amazon, is characterized by the fact that it encompasses an area composed of three traditional communities whose way of life is based on a sustainable and subsistence relationship with nature. Despite its location in a protected area and its sustainable practices, the effects of climate change may pose serious threats. In this context, this work, which is characterized as interdisciplinary research, raised perceptions about climate change and sought to understand, in the light of these perceptions, how residents associate changes in the flow of goods and services from coastal ecosystems with this phenomenon. The raised perceptions reveal the high level of agreement for the occurrence of climate change. Although the communities demonstrate sustainable practices in resource use and management, the perceptions indicate that the global impacts of climate change can be felt at the local level and affect the provision of natural resources. High perceptions are shaped by age, length of residence, and degree of dependence on the goods and services of the coastal ecosystem, indicating that people who are older, live longer in one of the communities, and consequently have greater dependence on the resources, are the ones with the highest perceptions. These variables, which explain the high perceptions found, reinforce that the construction of these perceptions is based on traditional knowledge, which is the result of an intense relationship with nature and its resources, safeguarding the history, culture and identity of local peoples.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Soluções baseadas na resiliência da natureza: modelo sustentável resiliente aplicado aos resíduos sólidos urbanos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-07-10) ROSALES MENDONZA, Ronaldo; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0187
The final disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is one of the world's major environmental pollution problems, growing as the world population grows exponentially related to access to public services. The inspiration is born from the resilient characteristic of nature, in this transformative power of materials in the state of decomposition into new ecosystem products and services, and considering the development of the policy, the normative and the will of the actors, the model of Use of Materials Contained in Solid Waste in Cities is proposed. The scenario of the application of the model was carried out in the Metropolitan Region of Belém do Pará/Brazil in the period 1990-2020 and projected until 2050, applying multivariate statistics to data and information from IBGE and IPEA. The results show that more than 95% of the materials destined for the dump, end up remaining on the streets, in the canals, in the rivers, in the sea and other illegal destinations, could recover to create a circularity of use and consumption, favorably impacting society, the economy and nature. The approach is made by the third method of scientific research (abductive) used by Aristotle, Plato and Hermogenes, consists in which the object of study is added to the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from all possible perspectives, or at least, by the most feasible of the positive, hard and social sciences, using inductive and deductive results in an operative way to generate a possible universal good that encourages new research and questions to solve . Given the premise that purchasing power is the main driver of waste production, the statement was tested through quantitative and qualitative analysis, the OECD numerical database of the management and treatment of ordinary waste in the period 1960-2050 and the World Bank, specifically, of the family of indicators of Sustainable Development in the period 1990-2020 was processed using the IBM-SPSS Statistics software, in the case of textual data, they correspond to 2074 abstracts of articles accessed by the SCOPUS database in the period 1996-2020, processed by the IRaMuTeQ software. The adjusted index of Ordinary Waste (RO) was determined with the value of 0.93 kg equivalent to cubic meters per person per day to produce garbage treated and managed by municipalities, it facilitates the immediacy in the calculation for any city, region, country and the world. In addition, access to cell phone service was identified as the numerical indicator that can explain the development of humanity and its relationship with waste production, agreeing with the result of the analysis of texts that present communication technology as the factor of human development and waste generation. Putting the results together, it is possible to read: what the communication technologies represented by the cell phone can explain the development of humanity because of the generation of waste and vice versa. The correlation between urban solid waste, waste pickers and the Sustainable Development Goals has a common indicator that can be used in the monitoring and follow-up of proposals, solutions and actions that add the possibilities and opportunities for continuous improvement of the population with a high degree of vulnerability and the proper management of the materials contained in the waste. Especially the solid ones, the indicator is green employment, the same, facilitates the control of the evaluation and valuation of the entire value chain. The model is built from the standard of adequate ARSU practices in the world, and the insertion of products in the market, thus impacting the social-economic-environmental dynamics, for the time being, recommend carrying out the political, legal, and administrative management for its financing and implementation to solve the transgenerational problem of waste in the Metropolitan Region of Belém and other municipalities serving as an example to the world.