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Teses em Ciências Ambientais (Doutorado) - PPGCA/IG

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Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 31

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aerossóis de queimadas e internações hospitalares por doenças respiratórias em crianças no Estado do Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-05-31) MOURA, Maurício do Nascimento; SILVA, Glauber Guimarães Cirino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4792139391237534; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-7603; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-5301
According to WHO, for every four deaths of children under 5 years, one is related to environmental pollution, which is equivalent to 93% of children living in environments with polluted atmosphere worldwide. This research investigated the variability of fires and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in children under 9 years of age, in a region deeply marked by changes in land use across the planet, with consecutive years in the ranking of deforestation, followed by fire of forest biomass: the state of Para. Eighteen years of time series of climatic variables, PM2.5, AOD and health were analyzed for two Para municipalities located in regions with very different environmental and social characteristics, through an ecological study of epidemiological character. In general, the two places analyzed showed an increase in the hospitalization rate in the second semester of each year of the historical series, despite Santarem showing high numbers of these records throughout the year. The climate also played an important role in increasing the incidence of respiratory syndromes, because it makes the environment conducive to fire action, however, the results showed that years without significant climatic anomalies can also present high records of fires and PM2.5. When these relationships were analyzed in just one year and with a record of fires, a clearer combination between the investigated variables was found, with good statistical correlation, as well as a surprising and worrying increase in fires in the municipality of Santarem, even surpassing Maraba, a municipality that has always been ahead with the highest values of deforestation, fires and air pollution. Maraba perceives the effects of fires in advance, in general, two months before Santarem, and this situation is explained by the geographic location, degree of forest preservation, response to climatic fluctuations, industrial activity and public policy action. A sample taken from the time series showed that Maraba reaches, at the height of the dry season, attention and emergency levels for PM2.5, thus presenting low air quality. Santarem did not register alarming levels, but daily monitoring detected many days with levels above the permitted level, in accordance with the standards established by environmental legislation. The levels of pollution detected can increase the number of outcomes for respiratory diseases, overloading the state's public health system.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise de tendências de variáveis hidroclimáticas na bacia hidrográfica Araguaia-Tocantins e suas implicações na agricultura irrigada
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-02-28) SALAME, Camil Wadih; BARBOSA, Joaquim Carlos; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984
The Araguaia-Tocantins Hydrographic Basin (BHAT) is the most extensive in drainage area within the Brazilian territory, with processes of use and occupation increasing in terms of the demands of agribusiness and mineral exploration. In this research, a statistical study was carried out on the hydroclimatic trends (precipitation and flow) in BHAT and its relations with irrigated agriculture. The hydroclimatic mapping based on cluster analysis identified four homogeneous regions within the BHAT, two to the north with a predominance of high rainfall/flow rates and less water availability. In the BHTA the rainy regime occurs between December to March and the dry regime between May and September. The months of October/November (dry to rainy) and April (rainy to dry) are transitional penods with pronounced variations in the seasonal cycle. The geostatistical study of rainfall/river flow forecast revealed that the results using the Box-Jenkings model are relatively better when compared to the Artificial Neural Networks model. The integrated approach of hydroclimatic variables with agricultural data within the BHTA revealed a significant pattern of negative trends in rainfall and flows that are spatially consistent in regions of intense productivity of com and soybeans and cattle. A relevant result was the detection of a significant spatial correlation between the number of central pivots (irrigation) in regions with low water availability, which favor the productivity of temporary crops.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise dos fluxos turbulentos de CO2 e energia entre o ecossistema aquático e atmosfera na Flona de Caxiuanã-PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-02-26) SOUZA FILHO, José Danilo da Costa; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350
This research investigated turbulent fluxes of CO2 and energy at the interface of the Caxiuanã bay – atmosphere in the Caxiuanã National Forest (FLONA) located in the Eastern Amazon under influence of atmospheric variables, the bay dimension and the temperature gradient at the interface bay-atmosphere, during the years of 2013 and 2014. The data used in this study were obtained on average 7 meters above the water slide from a micrometeorological tower, installed in the Caxiuanã bay. Measures of fluxes of CO2 (FCO2), sensible heat (H) and latent heat (Le) were collected through a turbulent vortices system. Meteorological data were collected by an automatic weather station. It was verified that the precipitation registered in the studied years was superior to climatic standards. The average hourly water temperature of the bay was always higher than the air temperature over the months. The mean monthly vertical temperature gradient at the bay - atmosphere interface was always positive, reaching the highest and lowest values in the rainy and dry period, respectively. The results show a strong seasonal pattern in the partition of the energy balance to heat the atmosphere (H) and for the evaporation process (Le). In the FCO2 analysis we can verify a clear seasonal pattern with the rainy and dry period of the region, that is, the magnitudes of FCO2, both emission and sequestration by the bay, are higher in the rainy months when compared to the dry months.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aspectos geoambientais e climáticos da sub-bacia do rio Guamá no Nordeste Paraense.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-12-15) BARBOSA, Ivan Carlos da Costa; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-5301; SOUSA, Adriano Marlisom Leão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4371199443425884; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2809-5318
The sub-basin of the Guamá River (SBGR) is located in the Mesoregion of the Northeast more specifically in the microregion of Guamá, covers 12 municipalities and has presented a relevant economic and social growth. The Guamá River has economic, social and cultural importance for the municipalities of the region, because for it converge all drainage network composed of small tributaries and large tributaries inserted. Thus, the objective of the research was to evaluate the integration of climate, environmental and water variables with the current transformations of land use and occupation in the area of the sub-basin of the Guamá River, in northeastern Pará. Initially, the estimates of precipitation derived from satellites (remote sensing) for the SBGR area were evaluated and the observations provided by the National Water Agency were compared. Then were mapped and evaluated the different uses and land occupations in the SBGR in order to establish environmental vulnerability from the relationship of physical and biotic elements and their ecodynamics. Finally, the dynamics of physical and chemical parameters of the surface water of the Guamá River were evaluated as a function of seasonal and spatial variability. It was concluded that the data provided by remote databases overestimated by 12% and 13% (CHIRPS and GPCC, respectively) the data observed by pluviometers. However, despite the overestimation of rainfall, it was possible to obtain reliable and satisfactory data from the databases by remote sensing. As for land use and occupation, there was a higher amount of area (57%) characterized as exposed soil and ground vegetation, and a lower amount of area (42%) characterized as dense or secondary vegetation cover. Thus, it was noted the occurrence of areas with high environmental vulnerability (northern portion represented by the urban centers of cities like Ourém and São Miguel do Guamá) and very high (southern portion) as a result of land use and occupation associated with anthropic activities. The areas classified as low or very low vulnerability (central and southern portion), less vulnerable to environmental degradation, were associated with the presence of vegetation cover composed of primary and secondary forest, and less human presence. As for the hydrochemical variables of the surface water of the Guamá River, high spatial heterogeneity was observed along the 12 sampling points, the existence of upward and downward trends in the upstream to downstream direction and the influence of the seasonality of the region. Finally, it is a priority that the results of this research promote benefits to the population of the various localities visited and serve as a guiding instrument for public policies aimed at the conservation of natural resources.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação da contaminação por mercúrio na foz do Rio Tapajós e exposição ambiental à população de Santarém-PA, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-10-06) SOUSA, Enilson da Silva; QUEIROZ, Joaquim Carlos Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4383935463464893
In the last decades of the twentieth century, academic work focused on discussion of the mercury problem in the Brazilian Amazon pointed to a mercury contamination of anthropogenic origin, especially from artisanal gold mining prospecting activities. In the mid-1990s and early years of this century, with the advancement of research in the field of geochemistry focused on this discussion, point to a possible geogenic origin of this contamination, and environmental exposure of the local population would be related to protein intake of animal origin, from the fish and work activities. The aim of this study is to analyze the speciation of Hg and methylmercury in soil and particulate matter in the mouth of the Tapajós River, and perception, mobilization capacity and political action on contamination by this metal of the population of Santarém; Elaborate mercury maps from spatially distributed data using up geostatistics to infer results for the location and risk of contamination of the metal along the mouth of the Tapajós River, Santarém-Pa.; and maps of contamination probability that this metal, which enabled the classification and quantification of contaminated areas for different confidence levels in and around the mouth of the Tapajós River; and quantify and evaluate the total mercury concentrations in water and particulate matter and hypotheses about the origin of this contamination in the Tapajos bay. The methodological procedures included the making location maps, georeferencing of points of collection and identification of the search area; Application Integrated Questionnaires for Measuring Social Capital Index - SC-IQ, proposed by the World Bank; Maps of the quantify the mercury concentrations in the study area and prepare maps of the spatial distribution of concentrations; and maps of the spatial distribution of concentrations and use of geostatistics (factorial kriging), which enabled the development of maps at different scales of variability associated with anthropogenic or geogenic origin activities. Two campaigns one in July and December 2014, with 37 and 45 sampling points in each were conducted. The results point to a possible contamination of the area at some points, with indexes to the top of the type recommended by the resolution n. 357/2005, of CONAMA. The results of the factorial kriging point to the possibility that mercury concentrations are associated with the natural environment itself, although it may have contributions due to human activity such as mining and industrial activities in the basin.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O clima e a vulnerabilidade socioambiental: interações na região costeira da Amazônia.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-03-05) SILVA, Santos, Marcos Ronielly da; PEREIRA, Luci Cajueiro Carneiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9883400404823218; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-5301
Coastal regions are the areas most affected by climate change, and therefore the most vulnerable, taking into account the intensity of climatic extremes and the great human concentration. In this context, this Doctoral Thesis work presents an analysis of the possible interactions of climate changes, associated with socioenvironmental processes, with a view to vulnerability in the coastal zone of the state of Pará. Specifically, we sought to: i) obtain the space-time variability precipitation in the coastal region of the Eastern Amazon; ii) know the distribution of physical and hydrological variables, during typical and atypical periods of climate and iii) examine the socio-environmental vulnerability of coastal municipalities in the face of climate change. Since climate change increases social and environmental vulnerability in the coastal region of the Amazon. For this purpose, standardized methodologies were used, adapted to each theme treated, with emphasis on the use of precipitation data by remote sensing of the technique - CMORPH, application of statistical analysis through Principal Component Analysis, Field collection through CTD for analysis of hydrological variables and identification of socio-environmental vulnerability using the Municipal Vulnerability Index (IVM) method. The main results found were: i) CMORPH evidenced the existence of a precipitation gradient in the two main rainfall modes, which explain 88% of the data variance. The first mode shows large-scale systems with rainy and less rainy periods. The second mode is associated with the occurrence of mesoscale systems. ii) rainfall and tides modulate local hydrological variables, showing greater variability in years of Dry and El Niño with greater complexity in open estuaries, a negative relationship between precipitation and salinity and a positive relationship with turbidity and chlorophyll was found, and iii) the most vulnerable municipalities are in the Marajó Island region - west of the study area, where the IVM varies between 1 (Afuá) and 0.55 (Soure) for scenarios 4.5 and 8.5, respectively. The Sensitivity (ISe) and Sociodemographic (ISd) sub-indices showed the greatest influence on the current vulnerability of the municipalities. These results provide scientific subsidies for decision making at the municipal level, and can be replicated for other regions, aiming at the adaptation of societies to climate change.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Clima urbano de Belém, Pará: percepção climática, climatologia e modelagem atmosférica.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-01-29) OLIVEIRA, Juarez Ventura de; PIMENTEL, Márcia Aparecida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3994635795557609; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-9777; COHEN, Júlia Clarinda Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0293299378753887; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-8915
The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of urbanization on Belém’s climate and how part of its population perceives climate change. Belém’s climate and the urban – atmospheric interaction were studied with meteorological station data and with simulations of three different soil cover scenarios (urbanization in 2017, 1986 and a scenario where all urbanization was replaced by forest) for the Belém’s Metropolitan Region (considered as the main urban areas of Belém, Ananindeua and Marituba) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The perception analysis was made via a questionnaire applied in four places with different socio and environmental characteristics. These places were select from the Socio – Environmental Typology Map that was developed using 2010 Census data and satellite image. From the four sites, two of them represent well vegetated and verticalized region, with medium/high income population and low demographic density (typology Type III). The other two places represent areas with sparse vegetation, with low houses, low income population and high demographic density (Type I). The results showed that, regardless of the typology, the questionnaire participants noticed changes in the climate of Belém. According to them, due to the development of local urbanization, Belém is warmer and with higher precipitation variability. The Belém weather station corroborated this perception, but stations in nearby municipalities have also warmed in recent years, making it difficult to link this change with urbanization. However, there is a greater accumulation of precipitation in Belém, which was not observed on the other stations data, and from the WRF results it was observed that the current characteristics of the RMB (Belém Metropolitan Region) can intensify the development of local convective systems, causing stronger storms and consequently higher accumulation of precipitation due to increased vertical wind shear and available energy for convection. Although the participants have perceived these changes and have been impacted by them (different for each typology, but mainly health and financial issues), most of them do not know how to adapt their life to this new climate scenario or adapts inefficiently to it due to a lack of knowledge, time and/or financial resources. However, when it comes to Belém itself, the interviewees were able to suggest adaptation strategies that can have a significant impact on the local climate and even minimize the effects of urbanization on the atmosphere.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Conservação do Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllusStapf Ex Wardleworth) no Norte do Brasil: diversidade genética e impactos das mudanças climáticas futuras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-05-31) CORRÊA, Waléria Pereira Monteiro; CALDEIRA JUNIOR, Cecílio Frois; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4071467514868919; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4762-3515; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf Ex Wardleworth) is a medicinal plant found in the north/northeast of Brazil. In recent decades, disordered extractive exploitation, the advance of agriculture and other activities that result in deforestation, as well as ongoing climate changes, have induced direct and indirect impacts on the survival of this plant species. Jaborandi is a natural source of pilocarpine, an alkaloid used in the pharmaceutical industry to treat glaucoma and xerostomia. Therefore, the species is socio-environmental interest because the extractivism of its leaves has generated financial income for countless families, in addition to contributing to the conservation of the species in the region. In order to contribute to long-term conservation and survival strategies for the species, this study evaluated the structure and genetic diversity of the species P. microphyllus in a Conservation Unit (UC) in southeastern Pará (FLONA Carajás), as well as an environmental modeling study was developed to analyze the impacts of climate change on the geographic distribution of occurrence of jaborandi, in order to delineate suitable areas according to future climate scenarios. The results of the genetic study demonstrated the formation of 04 populations with high diversity and ecological structure, even with continuous extractivism within the Carajás FLONA, indicating that exploration has been taking place in a sustainable manner in the region. In the modeling study, the projections indicated impacts of climate change on the distribution of P. microphyllus with a reduction in suitable areas in the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes (Maranhão and Piauí) and expansion of the species in the protected areas of forest cover of the Amazon biome in southeastern Pará. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of diversity in the FLONA of Carajás and reinforce the need for management and conservation plans for P. microphyllus in priority areas, where the species finds favorable climatic conditions in future scenarios. In situ and ex situ conservation measures for this species are essential, since extracting the leaves contributes as a source of income for local communities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Contribuições das sub-bacias para vazão do rio Amazonas e riscos socioambientais associados a eventos hidrológicos extremos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-07-01) COUTINHO, Eliane de Castro; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594; ROCHA, Edson José Paulino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2313369423727020
The Amazon Basin is constantly affected by episodes of drought and floods during phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña, in addition to Multidecadal Atlantic Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. These extremes precipitation cause severe changes in the flow and precipitation of the rivers of several sub -basins in temporal and spatial scale. In the Pacific Ocean the phenomena of El Niño and La Niña are the main mechanisms of interannual and decadal oscillations, causing extreme hydrometeorological in the Amazon, both temporal and spatial scale. Spatial variations of hydrological regimes of the Amazon tributaries show that during the occurrence of seasonal peak flows in the left margin of the tributaries are offset by the decrease of flow of the tributaries of the right bank . Thus, the length of the left bank of rainfall is behind two months of the rainy season on the right bank. In addition to this variation the hydrometeorological extremes cause environmental, social and economic to the population, especially those with high vulnerability. The objective of this work is to study the hydrometeorological regime and the water balance of the Amazon Basin, determining its role in the return flow of the Amazon River to the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the socioeconomic and environmental risks associated with hydrometeorological events. For this we used monthly and annual data flow and precipitation in the period 1982-2012 (31 years) along the main Amazon river channel and 8 sub-basins, as well as an analysis of social and economic risks was made in municipalities of the Amazon basin. The precipitation trends over the study period were negative, in the southwestern part (Purus) and central (Madeira) of the Amazon Basin, and positive on the east side (Tapajós and Xingu). The Amazon Southwest sub-basins were negative extremes and extreme events (El Niño) throughout the study period. It is concluded that the flow in the channel of the main river in the Amazon basin depends on variations in the tributaries of the right and left bank. Seasonality is influenced in the dry season by the tributaries of the right bank , for matching the negative trend over the period studied , and the rainy season is influenced by the tributaries of the left bank . All these fluviometric variabilities cause risks to the population. Thus, it can be said that the socioeconomic and environmental risk is more dangerous during flood events, particularly in states with smaller spatial scale (Rondônia and Roraima) , and greater vulnerability occurs in states with higher spatial scale (Pará and Amazonas) this can be explained by the lack of public policy.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica da ocupação da terra e sua influência na suscetibilidade à erosão em Salinópolis - PA, Brasil.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-03-31) ROSA, Amanda Gama; ANDRADE, Milena Marília Nogueira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1930321094483005; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5799-7321; SOUSA, Adriano Marlisom Leão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4371199443425884; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2809-5318
The socio-spatial configuration of a region is defined by the interests of individuals in the search for space and exploitation of resources, being determinants in the dynamics and established occupation patterns. Occupation, when associated with planning deficiency, occurs in a disorderly manner, generating impacts both on the environment, on the population and on the economy. In coastal areas, as in the municipality of Salinopolis-PA, these impacts gain a large proportion, like erosion processes, given the fragility of these environments. In the face of this context, this study aims to evaluate the dynamics of land occupation in the municipality of Salinópolis, based on the study of land cover and influential factors, and apply them to assess the susceptibility to erosion on the coast of Atalaia Island. For this, we sought to: a) analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of land occupation for the years 2010, 2014 and 2018, in the coastal and urban areas of Salinópolis; b) identify the factors that influence the dynamics of occupation in the municipality, using the Pressure-State-Impact-Response (PEIR) model; and, finally, c) analyze the susceptibility of erosive processes on the coastline of Atalaia Island based on spatial analysis of land occupation, topography and geoindicators, in order to generate susceptibility mapping. The spatial analysis showed excellent classification quality, with Global Accuracy index of 0.86 and Kappa index of 0.83, showing reductions in areas of dense, non-dense vegetation and dunes, and an increase in the urbanized area, mainly on Atalaia Island and towards the continent. The areas of water and beach strip showed dynamics marked by coastal factors. The main factors that influenced the observed occupancy patterns were: distance to the sea; distance to the PA-444 and PA-124 highways; road mesh density; distance to areas of greater real estate speculation; degree of implementation of projects; distance to consolidated urban patches; distance to areas of less real estate speculation; and distance to the center. The study area was classified as Low, Medium and High Susceptibility to coastal erosion. The results indicated a high susceptibility to erosion in the central region of the island, involving part of the Atalaia and Farol Velho beaches, where there is intense urbanization on the coastline combined with slopes greater than 15%, with evidence of active erosion. The low susceptibility class was predominant in the east of the island, in low slope areas, mostly below 5%, and with developed and stable dune fields. The areas of medium susceptibility were distributed in the transition between the low and high classes, presenting intermediate characteristics of slope and occupation, with the presence of partially altered and discontinuous dunes. In addition, it was possible to indicate areas with potential risk of increased susceptibility to erosion, in high-slope sectors where urbanization is close. The results of this study allow the private sector and the population in general to have one more tool for territorial and environmental management, allowing decision-making, which can mitigate or avoid the impacts that occur today on the coast of the municipality of Salinopolis.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica da urbanização na região metropolitana de Belém e mudanças nos regimes sazonais durante o clima atual e futuro num cenário amazônico.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-04-29) GUTIERREZ, Carlos Benedito Barreiros; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984
The intense and systematic process of urban population densification and vegetation suppression, a characteristic of anthropic transformations, can trigger several changes not only in the geographic space, but also in the regional climate, thus yelding impacts on social and environmental dimensions. The main objective of this study is to quantify the spatial/temporal dynamics of changes in the surface cover of the Metropolitan Region of Belém (RMB), in eastern Amazon, with a focus on urbanization, during the last four decades, including analysis of the effects/impacts on the seasonal regimes of the rainy (January to April) and dry (July to November) regimes. In addition, a Downscaling study was performed using the regional model RegCM4 to generate future climate projections (next two decades) for the RMB associated with the impacts of global climate change. To achieve the proposed objectives, the study made use of demographic data from the IBGE, mapping by remote sensing with the application of physical indices to identify land use and cover changes, environmental data extracted from the MapBiomas platform and several in situ (station) and satellite (CRU, CHIRPS and CMORPH) climate databases. Statistical methods and quantitative analyzes were used in these databases. The results obtained in the independent study of multitemporal mapping by remote sensing, corroborated by the MapBiomas data, revealed major transformations over the regional landscape of the RMB in the last decades. Among the main evidences found, we can report: urban expansion conditioned a warmer climate in the city of Belém; in the RMB, the vegetation suppression led to the expansion of pasture/agriculture areas, whose environmental changes explained the trend of monotonic increase in air temperature in both seasonal regimes; Belém and RMB present trends of systematic intensification of the rainy regime. The projections generated by RegCM4 (considering the RCP8.5 scenario that is the most extreme of global warming) indicate that regional patterns of future climate in Belém and RMB will be affected by global climate change. Future climate simulations (next 25 years, 2021 to 2045) in relation to current climate data (last 35 years, 1986 to 2020) indicate that warmer urban climate conditions are expected to persist in the coming decades, with an increase in air temperature of 1.5ºC in the RMB and 1.3ºC in Belém for the dry regime and 1ºC in the RMB and 0.9ºC in Belém for the rainy regime. There are indications of continuation of the positive trend of the rainy regime with an increase in precipitation of about 25% in the RMB and 14% in Belém. Finally, it appears that the availability of satellite images, observational climate data bases and time series of meteorological data, associated with image geoprocessing techniques, advances in modeling science and computational technologies to perform downscaling with RegCM4, make possible the continuous monitoring and integrated investigation of the urban geographic space and seasonal climate pattern, whose scientific results are relevant to support the planning and decision-making of municipal environmental management and the elaboration of public policies for the benefit of society.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica do efluxo de dióxido de carbono (CO2) do solo em duas áreas distintas na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-08-16) MENDES, Emanuelly Melo de Oliveira; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2364-882; ARAÚJO, Alessandro Carioca de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6188087583954899; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-5087
Terrestrial ecosystems are important for understanding the exchange of CO2 between surface and atmosphere. Research has sought to understand the potential for carbon sequestration and emissions in different agroecosystems. Among them, the natural pastures that have significant participation in the carbon cycle food subsidy for meat production. As well as the production of palm oil responsible for the production of 30% of edible oil in the world and part of the production of biodiesel. In this study, two land cover uses (iLPF and oil palm monocultures) and CO2 efflux were evaluated. The closed dynamic chamber method associated with an infrared gas analyzer was used. This work presents monthly observations in monoculture of palm oil and in two iLPFs the first with African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.) And the second with teak (Tectona grandis L. f.). In the first case in the palm oil monoculture, leaf stacking was responsible for the higher CO2 efflux values within the measurement rings during the two observed periods (rainy and less rainy) compared to the two other observed points (palm base) and carrier). In the experiment carried out in the iLPF area, the dynamics of the CO2 efflux (EFCO2) differed between the three systems studied. The increase in EFCO2 During midday compared to mid-morning (eight hours) at all points studied. In the control area (capoeira) there was no great variation observed, being more stable. The highest EFCO2 values in the two iLPF systems (teak and mahogany) were found at the base of the trees for the mahogany system and in the trampled pasture for the teak system followed by the base of the trees. The low variation in CO2 soil efflux between morning and noon in capoeira may indicate that they resemble natural forests, with trees creating a soil microclimate that is suitable for the growth of soil microorganisms. Soil moisture correlated positively weakly at the base of the teak and in the transition area. In the case of soil temperature, no positive correlation was observed for the area in question, only moderately in the control area. In the analyzes, no positive correlations were found between EFCO2 and soil moisture at any of the points studied in the mahogany area. In turn, a weak relationship between Ts and area between trees was found. The smallest variations in soil temperature were found in poultry followed by iLPF mahogany in the shaded area (Base mahogany and among mahogany plants). The largest variations of Ts in the studied period (rainy) occurred in the area of iLPF with teak. Trees influence the CO2 dynamics when they are not distributed in forest areas.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica dos fluxos de dióxido de carbono e metano em área de várzea e terra firme do estuário Amazônico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-04-29) FLORES ARONI, Mario; JARDIM, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9596100367613471; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-1248; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-9593
Terrestrial ecosystems are important for the greenhouse gases exchange (GHG) between the surface and the atmosphere. The objective of this research was to investigate the annual dynamics of carbon dioxide (FCO2) and methane (FCH4) fluxes in different environments, in relation to floristic composition and environmental variables in a floodplain area of the Amazon estuary. The flux of greenhouse gases (GHG) was simultaneously measured in the terrestrial and aquatic environment, in a tidal cycle, during few days in the year. This study also included a seasonal comparison of GHG fluxes in açaí planted in an upland area compared to an açaí managed area in the floodplain of the Amazon estuary. The floodplain study was carried out in the Environmental Protection Area of Combú Island (APA Combú), Belém, Pará (Brazil), between 2019 and 2021. The study in the upland area was carried out in Santa Maria do Pará. The methodology to measure soil and water FCO2 and FCH4 consisted of closed dynamic chamber and floating chambers methodology, respectively. The Amazonian estuaries showed topographic variability reflected in the water table height, which influences the soil FCO2 and FCH4 dynamics. In the same way that increase in soil temperature contributed to CO2 emissions. Therefore, a possible increase in global temperature could favor CO2 fluxes in the Amazon estuary. The tidal influence in the stream has strong impacts on FCO2 and FCH4 of the water, which play a key role in the carbon cycle through the CO2 and CH4 exchange between water-atmosphere environments. Lowland soils dominated by açaí plantations are a source of CO2 and CH4. However, the advance of açaí plantations in upland is positive for the environmental benefit (CH4 sink).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efetividade das políticas públicas de comando e controle em áreas embargadas por desmatamento ilegal na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-01-31) SILVA, Verissimo Cesar Sousa da; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-318X; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-4477
The pace of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon began to slow dramatically in the mid-2000s, reducing to 4,571 km² in 2012, but this deforestation has tended to increase from 2013 onwards, registering a value of 5,891 km² and reaching, in 2021 , an area of 13,235 km². Although several procedures have been employed to curb illegal deforestation, the public policy that prevails is command and control environmental inspection actions. A major factor that enhances the feeling of disregard for acts harmful to the environment is the total disrespect for the deforested areas that were embargoed and that continue to carry out activities. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the situation of 1,289 polygons in areas embargoed for illegal deforestation in the Amazon in the period from 2008 to 2017 and to know the determining factors that led to (non)compliance with the embargoes. For this, remote sensing techniques were used to identify the different uses and land cover (agriculture, pasture and regeneration) in the embargoed polygons. As a result, it was identified that, of the 1,289 embargoes analyzed, 1,025 (69.2% of the total area) were converted to pasture in 2019, for agriculture 95 embargoes were found equivalent to 17.7% of the entire embargo area . This means that 86.9% of the area is disrespecting the embargo legislation. The variables that were significant in relation to non-compliance were Property Size and CAR Presence, while the variables that maintained a relationship with embargo compliance were Municipal Embargoes, Elevation and Priority Municipalities. It is concluded that, although there are inspection and monitoring actions, it is still very timid to reach the true objective that does not restrict only prosecuting and embargoing areas, but rather, the formulation of actions that develop integrated systems and monitoring to accompany these areas, in order to to verify that environmental laws are being complied with.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fogo e queimadas: histórico, risco e calendário meteorológico na Amazônia Oriental.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-08-29) SODRÉ, Giordani Rafael Conceição; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685
The use of fire as a way of cleaning the soil is widely inserted in the productive process of the Amazon, being one of the elements that drive the agricultural expansion in the region. This research aimed to analyze the general scenario of burning in the Amazon region in order to address the complexity that surrounds this theme, as it can be treated as a social problem, but with reflections on the climate issue. We analyzed the legal parameters of the use of fire in agricultural practices and a meteorological calendar was developed indicating when the environmental conditions are most favorable for the safer use of this practice. The results indicated that the current scenario of burning in the Amazon may be related to a combination of choices, how the issue of burning could have been addressed and how it actually was. Indicating that the main tools are aimed at combating the effects of burning and not its origin. He observed that tools such as the Fire Risk Index used by INPE have its reduced accuracy, because it considers only environmental variables, not including the action of man as a parameter, which limits the efficiency in anticipating the occurrence of a burn. Analysis of the latest research has pointed to the use of controlled fire as the most viable option for changing the current scenario, so the main approach of this research was to create a safe weather management calendar for field fire use. . The conclusion of this research shows that environmental education is the most effective way to combat the excessive use of burning, but this is an investment for the future. For the current scenario the creation of a burning calendar based on local monthly rainfall variability, allowing the burning to be performed at times more favorable to its unwanted propagation. Thus, the number of uncontrolled fires can be effectively reduced and biodiversity and economic losses can be reduced. This being the way to go while environmental education does not fulfill its role in changing this culture within the Amazon region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impactos das mudanças climáticas na biomassa florestal Amazônica: Previsão de perda e estratégias de conservação prioritárias para o potencial de biomassa sob as mudanças climáticas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-04-25) CAMPOS, Mayara Soares; ANJOS, Luciano Jorge Serejo dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0244738999001686; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3270-6679; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-4477
The study addresses the influence of climate change on Aboveground Biomass (AGB) in the Amazon, examining both reduction forecasts and potential increases under different climate scenarios until the end of the century. Using AGB data (GEDI) and climate variables from Global Circulation Models (GCM‘s) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP‘s), the research employs Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to explore spatial patterns of AGB distribution. The results point to a significant decline in AGB, with estimated reductions ranging from 14.2% to 32.1%, where the average vegetation density could drop to 177.61 Mg/ha-1 by 2040 and 140.43 Mg/ha-1 by 2100, indicating a decrease in the forest's carbon sequestration capacity, especially in the northeast, central-east, west, and south regions of the Amazon. Conversely, potential AGB gains were identified in specific areas of the Brazilian Amazon, mainly in the northwest and southeast regions, covering the Negro, Xingu, and Tapajós river basins, under both future scenarios. Indigenous Lands (TI‘s) emerge as crucial for conservation, exhibiting greater AGB gains in both scenarios analyzed. This study underscores the importance of mitigation strategies and the role of protected areas in maintaining Amazon resilience in the face of future climate adversities. By highlighting areas of potential AGB increase, it emphasizes the significance of preserving and valuing protected areas and TI‘s as fundamental strategies to address environmental and climate challenges. This approach not only focuses on mitigating AGB loss but also recognizes the potential of specific regions to positively contribute to Amazon resilience amid future climate changes. Therefore, this study is of great importance for both science and public policy formulations, as it provides an analysis of the impact of AGB climate change in the Amazon, essential in the carbon cycle and, by extension, in mitigating global climate change. By identifying vulnerable regions and those with potential AGB increase, it highlights the urgency of targeted conservation strategies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impactos dos anos climáticos extremos no rendimento da lavoura temporária de mandioca na região rural da metrópole de Belém – Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-01-31) SOUZA, Paulo Fernando de Souza; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685
Extremes climatic patterns negatively impact agriculture in Brazil and, as a result, cause problems for rural communities that are highly dependent on natural resources, in particular the state of Pará. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance to study the cassava farming (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in face of future climatic risks, because Pará is the largest national producer. The objective of this study was to analyze the modulation of the climatic mechanisms of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans on the pluviometric regime considering the municipal scale of the Rural Region of the Metropolis of Belém (RRB), in northeastern Pará, as well as to detect the relations between precipitation and productivity or yield of temporary cassava farming from 1990 to 2014 (25 years), including the analysis of impacts of extreme climatic years. The work was divided into three parts: the first analyzed the influence of climatic extremes such as El Niño, La Niña, North and South Gradient on RRB precipitation, using the percentiles technique; In the second part, Spearman correlations were calculated between the precipitation and the cassava yield and the results showed an inhomogeneous behavior throughout the region, i.e., there are municipalities that respond directly or indirectly to the pluviometric regime. In this analysis, the annual precipitation showed a better relationship with cassava yield, whose planting system occurs at two moments during the year (summer and winter plantings). In the third part, the spatial data exploratory spatial analysis technique was applied, which revealed the need to consider the spatial component in the evaluation of the relations between regional climate x agriculture.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impactos socioambientais atuais e de mudanças futuras na hidroclimatologia da bacia do rio Tapajós na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-09) SODRÉ, Vânia dos Santos Franco; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0187
The intensification of land use and land cover has been increasing environmental and climatic problems in the Amazonian sub-basins, especially in the Tapajos River basin, which is important not only for the region, but for the whole country in terms of economic and socio-environmental issues. This research evaluated the increasing pressure imposed on the Tapajos River basin from the unsustainable use of water resources, deforestation on meteorological variables and the future hydroclimatology of the basin for the next 30 and 60 years. On the water issue, significant environmental impacts were observed in the Upper and Middle Tapajos, where unsustainable uses of water resources were identified from the various sectors of the economy, with emphasis on the increase in the number of industries and hydroelectric plants. Conversely, in the Lower Tapajos region there are still significant portions of conserved vegetation cover, which are essential for favoring evapotranspiration and, consequently, cloud formation, but an increase in the unsustainable use of water resources was observed in the region. In the relationship between deforestation and climate, it was noted the existence of correlations between deforestation rates and positive variations in temperature in the Middle Lower Tapajos region. However, no significant variations in precipitation were observed, but there is a slight negative trend (reduction), corroborating the anomaly and trend studies. In the future hydroclimatology, the results showed that the future impacts of climate change on precipitation and elevation measures, both for a more proximate climate (2021-2050) and for a climate at the end of the century (2051-2080), taking into account the moderate and pessimistic scenarios. It was also noted that there will be changes in the frequency of maximum and minimum extremes of precipitation and quota, especially in the regions of the Middle Lower Tapajos, being more sensitive to these changes at the Itaituba station.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da queima de biomassa nos transportes de gases e chuva na Amazônia Central
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-07-14) D’OLIVEIRA, Flávio Augusto Farias; DIAS JÚNIOR, Cleo Quaresma; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9857237626091379; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4783-4689; SPRACKLEN, Dominick Vincent; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-4597; COHEN, Júlia Clarinda Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0293299378753887; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-8915
The objective of this thesis is to investigate how the mesoscale convective systems and fluvial breeze circulation act in the central Amazon region in a scenario of pollution caused by biomass burning in the dry period of 2014. This investigation was carried out through numerical modeling with the Weather Research and Forecast coupled with Atmosphere Chemistry (WRF-Chem). It was investigated, through a case study of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that occurred in the central Amazon region on August 16th, 2014, how pollution from biomass burning can alter this MCS. For this, simulations with two scenarios was taken, one considering biomass burning (bb_on) and another without biomass burning (bb_off). The results showed that the bb_on scenario had important consequences on the formation of convective clouds and their downdrafts, being observed with less developed clouds and lower precipitation rates than for the bb_off simulation. It was also observed that the weakening of the convective system showed a lower ability to "clean" the environment, that is, to dilute vertically and horizontally the local concentrations of gases such as carbon monoxide. When analyzing the occurrence of the river breeze during the period from August 1st to 5th, 2014, it was found that the breeze occurred for two days in two different places: in an environment with a contrast between the river and the forest, and in an environment with contrast of the river with the urban region of the city of Manaus. The results showed that during the river breeze events, it was observed that the breeze was responsible for trapping gases such as ozone carbon monoxide on the bank where they occurred (east bank of the Negro River) in both regions. The more intense river breeze had its duration longer, in addition to keeping the gases in an area within the continent, when compared to a less intense breeze, it trapped these gases within the river area. Additionally, the region in which the river breeze was responsible for concentrating the largest amount of gases is a predominantly residential region (western portion of the city of Manaus), while the eastern portion (industrial region) was favored by the cleaning of the environment through the trade winds.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da queima de biomassa nos transportes de gases e chuva na Amazônia Central
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-07-14) D' OLIVEIRA, Flávio Augusto Farias; Dias Júnior, Cleo Quaresma; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9857237626091379; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4783-4689; SPRACKLEN, Dominick Vincent; COHEN, Júlia Clarinda Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0293299378753887; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-8915
The objective of this thesis is to investigate how the mesoscale convective systems and fluvial breeze circulation act in the central Amazon region in a scenario of pollution caused by biomass burning in the dry period of 2014. This investigation was carried out through numerical modeling with the Weather Research and Forecast coupled with Atmosphere Chemistry (WRF-Chem). It was investigated, through a case study of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that occurred in the central Amazon region on August 16th, 2014, how pollution from biomass burning can alter this MCS. For this, simulations with two scenarios was taken, one considering biomass burning (bb_on) and another without biomass burning (bb_off). The results showed that the bb_on scenario had important consequences on the formation of convective clouds and their downdrafts, being observed with less developed clouds and lower precipitation rates than for the bb_off simulation. It was also observed that the weakening of the convective system showed a lower ability to "clean" the environment, that is, to dilute vertically and horizontally the local concentrations of gases such as carbon monoxide. When analyzing the occurrence of the river breeze during the period from August 1st to 5th, 2014, it was found that the breeze occurred for two days in two different places: in an environment with a contrast between the river and the forest, and in an environment with contrast of the river with the urban region of the city of Manaus. The results showed that during the river breeze events, it was observed that the breeze was responsible for trapping gases such as ozone carbon monoxide on the bank where they occurred (east bank of the Negro River) in both regions. The more intense river breeze had its duration longer, in addition to keeping the gases in an area within the continent, when compared to a less intense breeze, it trapped these gases within the river area. Additionally, the region in which the river breeze was responsible for concentrating the largest amount of gases is a predominantly residential region (western portion of the city of Manaus), while the eastern portion (industrial region) was favored by the cleaning of the environment through the trade winds.