Teses em Ciências Ambientais (Doutorado) - PPGCA/IG

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Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 22

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aerossóis de queimadas e internações hospitalares por doenças respiratórias em crianças no Estado do Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-05-31) MOURA, Maurício do Nascimento; SILVA, Glauber Guimarães Cirino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4792139391237534; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-7603; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-5301
According to WHO, for every four deaths of children under 5 years, one is related to environmental pollution, which is equivalent to 93% of children living in environments with polluted atmosphere worldwide. This research investigated the variability of fires and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in children under 9 years of age, in a region deeply marked by changes in land use across the planet, with consecutive years in the ranking of deforestation, followed by fire of forest biomass: the state of Para. Eighteen years of time series of climatic variables, PM2.5, AOD and health were analyzed for two Para municipalities located in regions with very different environmental and social characteristics, through an ecological study of epidemiological character. In general, the two places analyzed showed an increase in the hospitalization rate in the second semester of each year of the historical series, despite Santarem showing high numbers of these records throughout the year. The climate also played an important role in increasing the incidence of respiratory syndromes, because it makes the environment conducive to fire action, however, the results showed that years without significant climatic anomalies can also present high records of fires and PM2.5. When these relationships were analyzed in just one year and with a record of fires, a clearer combination between the investigated variables was found, with good statistical correlation, as well as a surprising and worrying increase in fires in the municipality of Santarem, even surpassing Maraba, a municipality that has always been ahead with the highest values of deforestation, fires and air pollution. Maraba perceives the effects of fires in advance, in general, two months before Santarem, and this situation is explained by the geographic location, degree of forest preservation, response to climatic fluctuations, industrial activity and public policy action. A sample taken from the time series showed that Maraba reaches, at the height of the dry season, attention and emergency levels for PM2.5, thus presenting low air quality. Santarem did not register alarming levels, but daily monitoring detected many days with levels above the permitted level, in accordance with the standards established by environmental legislation. The levels of pollution detected can increase the number of outcomes for respiratory diseases, overloading the state's public health system.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Conservação do Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllusStapf Ex Wardleworth) no Norte do Brasil: diversidade genética e impactos das mudanças climáticas futuras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-05-31) CORRÊA, Waléria Pereira Monteiro; CALDEIRA JUNIOR, Cecílio Frois; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4071467514868919; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4762-3515; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf Ex Wardleworth) is a medicinal plant found in the north/northeast of Brazil. In recent decades, disordered extractive exploitation, the advance of agriculture and other activities that result in deforestation, as well as ongoing climate changes, have induced direct and indirect impacts on the survival of this plant species. Jaborandi is a natural source of pilocarpine, an alkaloid used in the pharmaceutical industry to treat glaucoma and xerostomia. Therefore, the species is socio-environmental interest because the extractivism of its leaves has generated financial income for countless families, in addition to contributing to the conservation of the species in the region. In order to contribute to long-term conservation and survival strategies for the species, this study evaluated the structure and genetic diversity of the species P. microphyllus in a Conservation Unit (UC) in southeastern Pará (FLONA Carajás), as well as an environmental modeling study was developed to analyze the impacts of climate change on the geographic distribution of occurrence of jaborandi, in order to delineate suitable areas according to future climate scenarios. The results of the genetic study demonstrated the formation of 04 populations with high diversity and ecological structure, even with continuous extractivism within the Carajás FLONA, indicating that exploration has been taking place in a sustainable manner in the region. In the modeling study, the projections indicated impacts of climate change on the distribution of P. microphyllus with a reduction in suitable areas in the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes (Maranhão and Piauí) and expansion of the species in the protected areas of forest cover of the Amazon biome in southeastern Pará. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of diversity in the FLONA of Carajás and reinforce the need for management and conservation plans for P. microphyllus in priority areas, where the species finds favorable climatic conditions in future scenarios. In situ and ex situ conservation measures for this species are essential, since extracting the leaves contributes as a source of income for local communities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica da cobertura florestal a partir de análises realizadas em áreas de extração seletiva de madeira no Estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-09-29) ROCHA, Nívia Cristina Vieira; GALBRAITH, David; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2145475131329843; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-4477
The selective logging in the Amazon region is an activity that holds relevance in social, economic, and environmental aspects. In many cases, this is considered a low environmental impact activity in the forests when compared to deforestation. This research assessed canopy opening in selectively logged areas in Eastern Amazon over different years with reduced impact. Detailed monitoring was conducted in these areas using both hemispherical images and orbital images to evaluate the persistence of impacts over time. Hemispherical photographs were used to measure canopy opening and provide a high-resolution assessment of the logged areas. This study also utilized images obtained from Landsat, Sentinel, and Planet satellites. Spectral Mixture Analysis and enhancement techniques were applied to these orbital images to detect canopy opening impacts caused by selective logging. Hemispherical images revealed that even 17 years after the logging activities ceased, the impacts caused by selective logging were still discernible. Meanwhile, orbital images allowed for the identification of logging at different time intervals depending on their respective resolutions. From the results, this study highlights the importance of the combined use of hemispherical and satellite images to monitor the effects of selective logging over time in the Amazon. This enables a more comprehensive understanding of forest dynamics, the persistence of impacts, and the importance of continuous monitoring in logged areas to assess long-term effects and adopt sustainable management strategies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica dos fluxos de dióxido de carbono e metano em área de várzea e terra firme do estuário Amazônico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-04-29) FLORES ARONI, Mario; JARDIM, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9596100367613471; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-1248; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-9593
Terrestrial ecosystems are important for the greenhouse gases exchange (GHG) between the surface and the atmosphere. The objective of this research was to investigate the annual dynamics of carbon dioxide (FCO2) and methane (FCH4) fluxes in different environments, in relation to floristic composition and environmental variables in a floodplain area of the Amazon estuary. The flux of greenhouse gases (GHG) was simultaneously measured in the terrestrial and aquatic environment, in a tidal cycle, during few days in the year. This study also included a seasonal comparison of GHG fluxes in açaí planted in an upland area compared to an açaí managed area in the floodplain of the Amazon estuary. The floodplain study was carried out in the Environmental Protection Area of Combú Island (APA Combú), Belém, Pará (Brazil), between 2019 and 2021. The study in the upland area was carried out in Santa Maria do Pará. The methodology to measure soil and water FCO2 and FCH4 consisted of closed dynamic chamber and floating chambers methodology, respectively. The Amazonian estuaries showed topographic variability reflected in the water table height, which influences the soil FCO2 and FCH4 dynamics. In the same way that increase in soil temperature contributed to CO2 emissions. Therefore, a possible increase in global temperature could favor CO2 fluxes in the Amazon estuary. The tidal influence in the stream has strong impacts on FCO2 and FCH4 of the water, which play a key role in the carbon cycle through the CO2 and CH4 exchange between water-atmosphere environments. Lowland soils dominated by açaí plantations are a source of CO2 and CH4. However, the advance of açaí plantations in upland is positive for the environmental benefit (CH4 sink).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Do monocultivo aos sistemas agroflorestais: análise da resiliência socioecológica de agricultores familiares em Tomé-Açu, Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-04-25) SOUSA, Lais Victoria Ferreira de; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-318X
The dynamics of family farming has always had many peculiarities, starting with the history of occupation of the territory and the different ways of maintaining the areas. With the advance of agribusiness, to perpetuate as a family farmer and continue this way of life has become a challenge. In the case of the municipality of Tomé-Açu, Pará, the arrival of oil palm and the increase in prices of commodity crops put at risk the dynamics of agroforestry systems and subsistence of these family farmers. Considering these two factors, this research aims to analyze the dynamics of family farming and its different forms of adaptation regarding sustainability, socio-ecological and market resilience. To achieve these objectives, field research was conducted with interviews in 178 farms (up to 200 hectares) that carry out management and work of family origin. When analyzing sustainability of the agroforestry systems of these families, it was found that small family farmers have several difficulties, mainly involving the Political-Institutional dimension, a factor that was repeated for the resilience analysis. For sustainability, the research revealed that the sustainability of agroforestry systems carried out by family farmers in Tomé-Açu presented itself as deficient. When discussing resilience, the objective was to analyze the resilience against the perpetuation of oil palm in the territory, it was found that access to governance and public policies such as financing and technical assistance are fundamental for this group to be more resilient. In this chapter it was also possible to reflect on the resilience of this group involves factors beyond the indicators addressed in the research, reflecting on the resilience for staying the course even with all the obstacles that surround the Brazilian rural dynamics. About business and market models, the thesis proves that the theory of business models does not reflect the reality of the models in which farmers are inserted; the practices recommended as ideas to have a social, environmental, and economic impact fit the dynamics of large corporations but are not recognized at the level of small family farmers. Finally, this research concludes that family farming still maintains its livelihoods in a sustainable way, but without public institutional support this group becomes less resilient and more susceptible to external disturbances. A process of recognition of this livelihood and the ways of commercialization is an important step for the activities that are carried out by these farmers to continue generating environmental, social, and economic impact.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Economia de PFNM na Resex Guariba Roosevelt no noroeste Mato-Grossense
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-12-18) SANTOS, Alessandra Maria Filippin Passos; CATTANIO, Jpsé Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-9593
The Brazilian Amazon provides ecosystem services that are crucial for the entire planet, including carbon sequestration, climate regulation, biodiversity maintenance, and hydrological cycles. However, these benefits are increasingly threatened by environmental pressures, forest conversion, and illegal economic activities. To address these challenges, Brazil has implemented measures such as the creation of protected areas, such as Conservation Units. Among these, the Extractive Reserves (RESEX) stand out, as sustainable-use areas that are home to traditional communities, such as extractivists. This thesis focuses on the extractive activities within the Guariba Roosevelt RESEX, located in the state of Mato Grosso, the only RESEX in the state facing significant environmental pressures. The primary source of income for the extractivists is the exploitation of nontimber forest products (NTFP), and forest preservation is essential for maintaining their traditional way of life. To meet the study's objectives, an interdisciplinary methodology was employed, combining a bibliographic review of major academic scientific databases with field research in the RESEX, using semi-structured questionnaires. The results demonstrated the socioeconomic profile of the extractivists, showing that the majority are aged 40 or older, indicating a trend of younger generations leaving in search of alternative opportunities. This shift impacts the NTFP production. The study also identified the main NTFPs harvested in the RESEX and those with untapped potential, which remain unexploited due to logistics challenges, lack of training and insufficient labor. Additionally, a land use and land cover analysis using remote sensing data (raster format) from MapBiomas was conducted to assess erosion, avoided deforestation total carbon stock, and the RESEX ' s potential in the carbon market. Finally, the perceptions of extractivists regarding climate change, biodiversity, and outmigration of young people were analyzed. The findings indicate that young people are leaving the RESEX primarily for employment and education opportunities, and infrastructure improvements, they have lost interest in extractive activities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos das mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra na paisagem e nos serviços ecossistêmicos no leste da Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-05-29) PEREIRA, Fabiana da Silva; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-318X
In the Brazilian Amazon, the conversion of large forest areas, mainly for the expansion of agricultural activities and urban areas, has led to the loss and fragmentation of ecosystems.These changes alter ecosystem processes and functions and may affect the provision of several ecosystem services essential for human well-being and economic activities. In this context, the analysis of the effects of these changes on the landscapes and ecosystems in the Amazon region is essential to better understand the impact of these anthropogenic modifications on ecosystems services in terms of economic, ecological and social aspects. This thesis was designed to (1) quantify the impacts of land use changes on the economic value of ecosystem services in the eastern Amazon; (2) analyze the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the provision of ecosystem services; (3) evaluate the perception of local traditional communities about ecosystem services in order to verify which factors influence the way they identify and perceive ecosystem services and their main threats. The results show that in the 36 years analyzed there was a considerable loss in the economic value of ecosystem services provided by the forest areas, however the increase in agricultural areas has resulted in a positive balance, as the associated ecosystem services, mainly food, have a high value. In addition, forest ecosystems are smaller and increasingly fragmented and isolated, which has degraded habitat quality in the landscape and reduced carbon stocks in the region. Deforestation and illegal mining were perceived by local communities as the main threats to the provision of several ecosystem services. The most important ecosystem services identified by the communities are related to the provisioning category, such as food, wood products and medicinal plants, as well asregulating services. These results highlight the importance of assessing ecosystem services from different perspectives, in order to provide more robust information to base the development of conservation strategies, management and land use planning, as well as financial incentive strategies for ecosystem conservation or restoration.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Espécies arbóreas e suas relações com variáveis climáticas sob influência de deficiência hídrica no solo da floresta de terra firme em Caxiuanã, Pará, Brasil.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-04-17) FERNANDES, Ana Maria Moreira; COSTA, Antônio Carlos Lola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8489039131103228; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6222-5534
The intensity and frequency of severe droughts in the Amazon region are increasing due to global climate change and may intervene with botanical factors. Thus, this thesis analyzed the floristic composition, richness, diversity, and species’ distributionabundance, besides diametric plant species group increase over time in forestry areas with and without water exclusion in the soil, also relating growth in groups’ dynamics of species with climatic variables. Data were collected in 98 subplots in area A (without water exclusion) and in 98 subplots in area B (with water exclusion), each measuring 10 m x 10 m, in which all plant species with the diameter at breast height (DBH≥10 cm) were inventoried. in both areas, 378 and 356 plant individuals were monitored, respectively, through dendrometric bands that allowed the monthly increment diameter measure of species. The Fabaceae, Sapotaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Burseraceae families were the most representative in the study areas, especially Fabaceae, which displayed the highest richness. A small variation was found in the observed richness in area A, and the community evenness and the diversity index remained constant, while in area B, the variation in richness was greater, which may have contributed to a small change in the diversity index over time. The best ecological models adjusted were Zipf and Zipf-Mandelbrot for areas A and B plant communities, respectively. The average diametric behavior increment of the trees was different between the diameter and the wood density classes in the two analyzed areas. In areas A and B, it was observed that individuals who grouped in the upper diameter class tended to have a higher average annual diameter increase compared to the other medium and low diameter classes, and individuals grouped within the low and high wood density classes’ which presented the highest and lowest average annual increment value, respectively. The meteorological variables‘ wind speed and average temperature showed negative and significant correlations with the monthly diametric increase by diameter and density classes, whereas the active photosynthetic radiation did not present a significant correlation. Considering the high diameter class trees and those grouped within the low- density class since even being submitted to water deficit they continued to have a higher average with a smaller variation of diametric increase concerning the other classes, it is possible to infer that they are more resistant to water deficiency than trees belonging to other diametric and wood density classes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the forest appears to be well established, with high species richness and diversity, and that the water restriction in the soil over the time of ten years of study was not enough to interfere in the conservation status of the environment expressively.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estimativa do fluxo de metano e dióxido de carbono em áreas de manguezais do município de São Caetano de Odivelas - PA.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-12-03) MARTINÉZ CASTELLÓN, Saúl Edgardo; SILVA, José Francisco Berrêdo Reis da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1338038101910673; ROLLNIC, Marcelo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6585442266149471; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350
Mangroves are considered environmentally and socioeconomically productive ecosystems because of their contribution to mitigating climate change, capturing and storing CO2 in the aerial and underground biomass, and a large fraction of carbon is escaped from soil and water into the atmosphere. The mangrove areas are important contributors to greenhouse gases (GHG). The study highlights the monthly measurements of fluxes methane (FCH4) and carbon dioxide (FCO2) flows in mangrove forest at the soil-atmosphere interface (Macaca Island), and water-atmosphere interface (Mojuim Estuary). The measurements included the temporal (dry period: July to December 2017 and rainy: January to June 2018) and spatial, (high topography: 2.5 m and low: 2.0 m) scale. Flows are measured by the dynamic chamber method associated with an infrared gas analyser. Additionally, parameters were recorded. A) environmental, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed. B) physical and chemical water, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH. C) soil physical and chemical, soil temperature, soil moisture, organic matter, pH, organic total carbon, total nitrogen, and C/N ratio, microbial carbon, microbial nitrogen. The FCH4 in the soil varied in means of 0.1874 g m-2 d-1 and 0.0711 g m-2 d-1 between dry and rainy season. The FCO2 varied in means of 6.3607 g m-2 d-1, and 7.0542 g m-2 d-1 between dry and rainy season. The FCH4 ranged from 0.2360 g m-2 d-1 to 0.0271 g m-2 d-1 between low and high topography. The FCO2 ranged from 5.4383 g m-2 d-1, and 7.079 g m-2 d-1 between low and high topography. This could be related to the lower amount of organic matter, oxidized environment and good soil aeration in the high topography favoring FCH4 anoxia. The FCH4 in the estuary varied between season dry and rainy from 0.039 to 0.050 g m-2 d-1. The FCO2 varied between season dry and rainy from 10.474 g m-2 d-1 to 28.985 g m-2 d-1. The FCO2 present difference (p < 0.05) between the dry and rainy season, and may be influenced by the salubrious sea water in the tide and fresh water from the Mojuim River into the ebb. In this study it was observed that the highest FCH4 and FCO2 occur in the rainy season, and minimal variation of FCO2 in the soil.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impactos das mudanças climáticas e do desflorestamento sobre a flora arbórea da Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-11-30) GOMES, Vitor Hugo Freitas; STEGGE, Hans ter; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7778964226916459; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490
Amazonia has an incredible biodiversity, shaped over millions of years. In recent millennia the climate in the region has become more humid, increasing the availability of suitable habitat for forest species and influencing its distributions and the expansion of the forest in this period. However, human influences on climate and land use have led to a reduction in the habitat of many species in the region, and projections show an intensification in the future with impacts potentially negative on the richness and distribution of Amazonian biodiversity. In addition, there are several knowledge gaps on how climate and land use has shaped and will shape the Amazonian rainforest, and the wide variety of methods available for such analysis also raises questions on the best methodological practices for studying an area as large and diverse as Amazonia. Understanding the origin, maintenance and loss of biodiversity has a profound importance for future human life. This thesis addresses some of the knowledge gaps on these topics, comparing methods of estimating richness and distribution of species of the Amazonian rainforest at different time scales. This study is an interdisciplinary research that relates aspects of different scientific areas to understanding the consequences of the two main threats to Amazonian biodiversity attributed to climate change and deforestation. The study was supported by a cooperation between the Naturalis Biodiversity Center – The Netherlands and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi – MPEG on a Sandwich Doctorate Scholarship – SWE (CNPq Prossess 203102/2015-0). Furthermore, the study is part of the INCT project Biodiversidade e Uso da Terra na Amazônia (Biodiversity and Land Use in Amazonia) (CNPq Prossess 574008/2008-0), coordinated by MPEG, which is dedicated to the study of biodiversity and Amazonian landscape, aiming to understand environmental and social consequences of different land uses, providing scientific bases for sustainable economic practices and support for public policies for Amazonia.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impactos das mudanças climáticas na biomassa florestal Amazônica: Previsão de perda e estratégias de conservação prioritárias para o potencial de biomassa sob as mudanças climáticas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-04-25) CAMPOS, Mayara Soares; ANJOS, Luciano Jorge Serejo dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0244738999001686; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3270-6679; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-4477
The study addresses the influence of climate change on Aboveground Biomass (AGB) in the Amazon, examining both reduction forecasts and potential increases under different climate scenarios until the end of the century. Using AGB data (GEDI) and climate variables from Global Circulation Models (GCM‘s) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP‘s), the research employs Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to explore spatial patterns of AGB distribution. The results point to a significant decline in AGB, with estimated reductions ranging from 14.2% to 32.1%, where the average vegetation density could drop to 177.61 Mg/ha-1 by 2040 and 140.43 Mg/ha-1 by 2100, indicating a decrease in the forest's carbon sequestration capacity, especially in the northeast, central-east, west, and south regions of the Amazon. Conversely, potential AGB gains were identified in specific areas of the Brazilian Amazon, mainly in the northwest and southeast regions, covering the Negro, Xingu, and Tapajós river basins, under both future scenarios. Indigenous Lands (TI‘s) emerge as crucial for conservation, exhibiting greater AGB gains in both scenarios analyzed. This study underscores the importance of mitigation strategies and the role of protected areas in maintaining Amazon resilience in the face of future climate adversities. By highlighting areas of potential AGB increase, it emphasizes the significance of preserving and valuing protected areas and TI‘s as fundamental strategies to address environmental and climate challenges. This approach not only focuses on mitigating AGB loss but also recognizes the potential of specific regions to positively contribute to Amazon resilience amid future climate changes. Therefore, this study is of great importance for both science and public policy formulations, as it provides an analysis of the impact of AGB climate change in the Amazon, essential in the carbon cycle and, by extension, in mitigating global climate change. By identifying vulnerable regions and those with potential AGB increase, it highlights the urgency of targeted conservation strategies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da queima de biomassa nos transportes de gases e chuva na Amazônia Central
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-07-14) D' OLIVEIRA, Flávio Augusto Farias; Dias Júnior, Cleo Quaresma; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9857237626091379; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4783-4689; SPRACKLEN, Dominick Vincent; COHEN, Júlia Clarinda Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0293299378753887; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-8915
The objective of this thesis is to investigate how the mesoscale convective systems and fluvial breeze circulation act in the central Amazon region in a scenario of pollution caused by biomass burning in the dry period of 2014. This investigation was carried out through numerical modeling with the Weather Research and Forecast coupled with Atmosphere Chemistry (WRF-Chem). It was investigated, through a case study of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that occurred in the central Amazon region on August 16th, 2014, how pollution from biomass burning can alter this MCS. For this, simulations with two scenarios was taken, one considering biomass burning (bb_on) and another without biomass burning (bb_off). The results showed that the bb_on scenario had important consequences on the formation of convective clouds and their downdrafts, being observed with less developed clouds and lower precipitation rates than for the bb_off simulation. It was also observed that the weakening of the convective system showed a lower ability to "clean" the environment, that is, to dilute vertically and horizontally the local concentrations of gases such as carbon monoxide. When analyzing the occurrence of the river breeze during the period from August 1st to 5th, 2014, it was found that the breeze occurred for two days in two different places: in an environment with a contrast between the river and the forest, and in an environment with contrast of the river with the urban region of the city of Manaus. The results showed that during the river breeze events, it was observed that the breeze was responsible for trapping gases such as ozone carbon monoxide on the bank where they occurred (east bank of the Negro River) in both regions. The more intense river breeze had its duration longer, in addition to keeping the gases in an area within the continent, when compared to a less intense breeze, it trapped these gases within the river area. Additionally, the region in which the river breeze was responsible for concentrating the largest amount of gases is a predominantly residential region (western portion of the city of Manaus), while the eastern portion (industrial region) was favored by the cleaning of the environment through the trade winds.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da queima de biomassa nos transportes de gases e chuva na Amazônia Central
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-07-14) D’OLIVEIRA, Flávio Augusto Farias; DIAS JÚNIOR, Cleo Quaresma; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9857237626091379; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4783-4689; SPRACKLEN, Dominick Vincent; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-4597; COHEN, Júlia Clarinda Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0293299378753887; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-8915
The objective of this thesis is to investigate how the mesoscale convective systems and fluvial breeze circulation act in the central Amazon region in a scenario of pollution caused by biomass burning in the dry period of 2014. This investigation was carried out through numerical modeling with the Weather Research and Forecast coupled with Atmosphere Chemistry (WRF-Chem). It was investigated, through a case study of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that occurred in the central Amazon region on August 16th, 2014, how pollution from biomass burning can alter this MCS. For this, simulations with two scenarios was taken, one considering biomass burning (bb_on) and another without biomass burning (bb_off). The results showed that the bb_on scenario had important consequences on the formation of convective clouds and their downdrafts, being observed with less developed clouds and lower precipitation rates than for the bb_off simulation. It was also observed that the weakening of the convective system showed a lower ability to "clean" the environment, that is, to dilute vertically and horizontally the local concentrations of gases such as carbon monoxide. When analyzing the occurrence of the river breeze during the period from August 1st to 5th, 2014, it was found that the breeze occurred for two days in two different places: in an environment with a contrast between the river and the forest, and in an environment with contrast of the river with the urban region of the city of Manaus. The results showed that during the river breeze events, it was observed that the breeze was responsible for trapping gases such as ozone carbon monoxide on the bank where they occurred (east bank of the Negro River) in both regions. The more intense river breeze had its duration longer, in addition to keeping the gases in an area within the continent, when compared to a less intense breeze, it trapped these gases within the river area. Additionally, the region in which the river breeze was responsible for concentrating the largest amount of gases is a predominantly residential region (western portion of the city of Manaus), while the eastern portion (industrial region) was favored by the cleaning of the environment through the trade winds.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Objetivos do milênio (ODM) no Estado do Pará: houve avanços, retrocessos e estagnações?
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-06-28) CARDOSO, Andreza Soares; SANTOS JÚNIOR, Roberto Araújo de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9355107718329833
The main and fundamental starting point for getting carried away by the reflections of this doctoral thesis is to want to understand the origin of environmental discussions and how the multidisciplinary tools left by them, reflected in the various social, economic and environmental spheres. And beyond, learn from the lessons left fifteen years after the launch of a global agenda, the Millennium Goals, for a local reality. The research problem is ruled in the State of Pará, which the model of economic development historically dominant in the state has not managed to lift a significant part of the population out of poverty. Therefore, Pará's challenges go far beyond forest conservation. The general objective is to carry out an interdisciplinary analysis of the State of Pará, for the period from 1990 to 2015, based on the Millennium Goals (MDGs) and to understand the influences and forces acting in the State to reach or not the sustainability goals proposals. To assess the MDGs in Pará, 7 objectives with 17 indicators were analyzed. The results presented here show that poverty and serious health problems such as malaria and tuberculosis persist in the region. Women have little participation in politics and are disadvantaged in the labor market. Maternal deaths remain high and the population's access to basic sanitation is insufficient. On the other hand, access to education has increased, women have equal education and child mortality has fallen, the number of protected areas in the region has increased significantly, deforestation has been falling over the years, but remains high. On the understanding of the factors and acting forces that influenced the achievement of the MDGs for the state, the results corroborate the cited literature. It is recognized that the problems, in one way or another, are transversal, include technical, social, economic and political components and none of them is separable from the others. Despite important advances in most of the objectives, it is necessary to understand that the historical moment in socio-environmental issues and the ways in which sustainability measurement tools are understood and applied directly influence the state scenario. It is concluded that the global agenda presented in this paper introduces the need for a correlation between planning, management and governance mechanisms. However, the effort made by the social segments involved was successful, despite all the limitations.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Percepção ambiental sobre mudanças climáticas em comunidades costeiras na Amazônia, ameaças ao bem-estar e sobrevivência local: um estudo na Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Soure, Pará, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-08-04) ASSIS, Davison Marcio Silva de; MARTINS, Ana Cláudia Caldeira Tavares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6547250062275801; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4972-036X; GODOY, Bruno Spacek; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4036516695601666; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9751-9885
Climate change, a global phenomenon with serious consequences for ecosystems, is affecting nature and the human populations that live in it and depend on its goods and services on a large scale, and coastal areas, being more exposed to the effects of this phenomenon, have been affected to an unprecedented extent. The reduction in the services provided by these areas has a direct impact on the way of life of the human populations living there, who have established a relationship of dependence on nature and its resources. The Marine Extractive Reserve of Soure, located on the coast of the Eastern Amazon, is characterized by the fact that it encompasses an area composed of three traditional communities whose way of life is based on a sustainable and subsistence relationship with nature. Despite its location in a protected area and its sustainable practices, the effects of climate change may pose serious threats. In this context, this work, which is characterized as interdisciplinary research, raised perceptions about climate change and sought to understand, in the light of these perceptions, how residents associate changes in the flow of goods and services from coastal ecosystems with this phenomenon. The raised perceptions reveal the high level of agreement for the occurrence of climate change. Although the communities demonstrate sustainable practices in resource use and management, the perceptions indicate that the global impacts of climate change can be felt at the local level and affect the provision of natural resources. High perceptions are shaped by age, length of residence, and degree of dependence on the goods and services of the coastal ecosystem, indicating that people who are older, live longer in one of the communities, and consequently have greater dependence on the resources, are the ones with the highest perceptions. These variables, which explain the high perceptions found, reinforce that the construction of these perceptions is based on traditional knowledge, which is the result of an intense relationship with nature and its resources, safeguarding the history, culture and identity of local peoples.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Percepção ambiental sobre mudanças climáticas em comunidades costeiras na Amazônia, ameaças ao bem-estar e sobrevivência local: um estudo na Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Soure, Pará, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-08-04) ASSIS, Davison Marcio Silva de; MARTINS, Ana Cláudia Caldeira Tavares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6547250062275801; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4972-036X; GODOY, Bruno Spacek; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4036516695601666; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9751-9885
Climate change, a global phenomenon with serious consequences for ecosystems, is affecting nature and the human populations that live in it and depend on its goods and services on a large scale, and coastal areas, being more exposed to the effects of this phenomenon, have been affected to an unprecedented extent. The reduction in the services provided by these areas has a direct impact on the way of life of the human populations living there, who have established a relationship of dependence on nature and its resources. The Marine Extractive Reserve of Soure, located on the coast of the Eastern Amazon, is characterized by the fact that it encompasses an area composed of three traditional communities whose way of life is based on a sustainable and subsistence relationship with nature. Despite its location in a protected area and its sustainable practices, the effects of climate change may pose serious threats. In this context, this work, which is characterized as interdisciplinary research, raised perceptions about climate change and sought to understand, in the light of these perceptions, how residents associate changes in the flow of goods and services from coastal ecosystems with this phenomenon. The raised perceptions reveal the high level of agreement for the occurrence of climate change. Although the communities demonstrate sustainable practices in resource use and management, the perceptions indicate that the global impacts of climate change can be felt at the local level and affect the provision of natural resources. High perceptions are shaped by age, length of residence, and degree of dependence on the goods and services of the coastal ecosystem, indicating that people who are older, live longer in one of the communities, and consequently have greater dependence on the resources, are the ones with the highest perceptions. These variables, which explain the high perceptions found, reinforce that the construction of these perceptions is based on traditional knowledge, which is the result of an intense relationship with nature and its resources, safeguarding the history, culture and identity of local peoples.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produtividade de citrus na Amazônia Oriental: relações com o clima atual, risco socioambiental relativo aos eventos extremos e modelagem dos impactos das mudanças climáticas futuras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-05-31) DIAS, Thaiane Soeiro da Silva; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-6222-5534; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984
In the context of the agricultural frontier within the Amazonian territory, the production of citrus (lime and oranges) has been relevant in socioeconomic and environmental terms. In this thesis, three different scientific approaches were developed to elucidate: i) the relationships between citrus productivity and climate variability (rainfall and air temperature) and deforestation patterns in eastern Amazonia during the last decades; ii) the socio-environmental risk of citrus productivity due to extreme precipitation events in eastern Amazon; and iii) the impacts of different future scenarios of climate change on the distribution of potential areas of occurrence of the species Citrus sinensis over the Legal Brazilian Amazon. The results showed evidence that natural factors (climate variability and extreme precipitation events) and anthropic factors (deforestation) directly influence citrus productivity in several areas of eastern Amazonia. In addition, projections indicate that climate change can negatively impact the distribution of the main occurrence areas of the Citrus species throughout the Brazilian Legal Amazon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Relação entre o clima, a densidade de mosquitos em floresta e a distribuição de endemias na Amazônia Oriental.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-04-15) SILVA, Rommel Benicio Costa da; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-5301; SOUSA, Adriano Marlisom Leão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4371199443425884; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2809-5318
The climate in the Amazon has been changing, mainly due to human activities causing the proliferation of insects, responsible for the spread of diseases, is influenced by the behavior atmospheric variables. The Caxiuanã National Forest, which is a conservation unit (CU) that presents between 80% and 85% of upland primary forest, having high diversity and species richness. In this context, this study aims to understand the influence of climate change on the density of mosquitoes and on the spread of endemics in the forest region and its surroundings in the Eastern Amazon. For that, climatic data obtained from BDMET / INMET (1978 to 2017) and at the LBA Tower installed at the Ferreira Pena Scientific Station (ECFPn) were used, Pacífic (IOS) and Atlantic (MMA) climatic indexes on the NOAA website and morbidity data on the SAGE/MS website. The results show statistics compiled between climate, Malaria (MAL), dengue (DNG) and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) that affect the region during the period from 2001 to 2017. The climatic variability shows an increase (per decade) in its levels, with a reduction in the humidity indexes of the air, showing that changes in land use and cover denote changes in the climate, with greater influence of the Pacific indicator over the region's rains. The statistical correlations between climate variability showed a non-linear correlation both with the density of mosquitoes and with endemics. The eigenvectors indicate that the variables that most influenced endemic diseases were air temperature and rain. In view of this scenario, we conclude that the region showed significant variation in climatic indices, contributing to increases in the average air temperature indices in primary forests, causing a significant increase in the density of vector mosquitoes, tending to increase the number of morbidities in the region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Resiliência e sustentabilidade de um projeto de assentamento agroextrativista do baixo Tocantins, Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-08-14) RIBEIRO, Gerciene de Jesus Lobato; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-318X
In the Amazon, the historiography produced punctuates decisive moments of ruptures and engendering new relations between society and the environment in the region. From naturalists to Agroextractive Settlement Projects, the population has been experiencing development cycles, which, in certain situations, have changed the environment. The study aimed to assess environmental changes and levels of socio-environmental resilience and sustainability in the region of Baixo Tocantins, Pará. Methodological procedures included document analysis in laws and historical records, scientific articles; and field expeditions with the application of ethnographic techniques (participant observation, semi-structured interviews and photographic records). The subjects involved in the research were community leaders and residents living in the area demarcated by the PAE São João Batista, in Abaetetuba, who were selected by probabilistic sampling of the simple random type, totaling 141 residents interviewed. In the resilience approach, the adaptive cycle materialized as one of the reference points and for the investigation of sustainability, the condition of sustainability was calculated from the perception of the riverside dwellers about the social, economic and environmental conditions experienced in the settlement. The naturalists' descriptions of Baixo Tocantins are dotted with the multiple beauties of this region, the grandeur of the river, the sublimity of its forests and numerous products, such as sugar cane and açaí. The transition of the Cana-Açaí economic system in the PAE São João Batista, has enabled the riverside residents to experience changes and create conditions to reorganize themselves as a settlement, so that the growth of the açaí fruit market marks the community's resilience point. On the other hand, the residents' perceptions about changes in the environment, from the implementation of the PAE and the subsequent intensification of açaí cultivation, indicate limitations related to changes in fauna (5.7%) and climate (39.9%), silting (1.3%), deforestation (5.1%), erosion (4.4%), river pollution (8.2%), fires (0.6%) and solid waste (34.8%). According to community members, the settlement has a very low level of community sustainability. The difficulties reported by them reflect the contradictions and challenges already pointed out for the Amazon region, showing that the sustainability of socio-ecological systems is more dependent on variables external to the local productive systems than it would appear to be in a first approach. The settlers live in a dynamic of construction and reconstruction, as they are not isolated to the point that they are not affected by capitalist logic and are in conflict with their traditional way of life.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Resiliência urbana na zona costeira da Amazônia: uma análise de indicadores para a cidade de Belém, Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-08-22) LIMA, Yasmin Emanuelle Santos Pereira de; PIMENTEL, Márcia Aparecida da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3994635795557609; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-9777
Rapid population growth in urban environments is the root cause of many resilience challenges, where cities concentrate a large part of the population with social vulnerability and exposure to weather-related disturbances. Climate change is a global challenge, there is growing international concern about how to deal with climate change in urban areas. This Thesis aims to analyze the urban resilience of the city of Belém, Pará, Amazon region, Northern Brazil, based on a multidimensional tool, the City Resilience Index - CRF, generating results for the management of urban planning. A survey and content analysis was carried out, contemplating the concepts involved in the object of this research. Adaptation of the IRC through the application of the Delphi Method, with interviews with specialists focused on the subject. Application of IRC in the city of Belém-PA, with secondary data. As a result, the theoretical research problem was presented; Four Dimensions were obtained for the IRC, 'Health and Well-Being', 'Economy and Society', 'Infrastructure and Ecosystems', and 'Leadership and Strategy', with a total of 38 indicators, which allow assessing aspects of resilience of cities. The IRC was operationalized in an Excel spreadsheet and applied in the City of Belém-PA and generated the IRC in the “Good” value. In conclusion, four dimensions and 38 indicators were defined to generate the IRC, and in Belém-PA the IRC was considered “Moderate”, however, in fact, the challenges in working with the theme of urban resilience are still many, and go beyond the conceptual sphere. Although there is still no consensus on the part of specialists in the area regarding the definition of its real meaning, the biggest challenge lies in its operationalization. The process of building systems of resilience indicators is complex and has barriers such as, for example, the lack of data to build indicators to assess some relevant aspects. An example of such indicators, which can be included in future estimates for the city of Belém-PA, are those aimed at measuring infrastructure and ecosystems.