Teses em Ciências Ambientais (Doutorado) - PPGCA/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/9341

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aerossóis de queimadas e internações hospitalares por doenças respiratórias em crianças no Estado do Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-05-31) MOURA, Maurício do Nascimento; SILVA, Glauber Guimarães Cirino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4792139391237534; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-7603; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-5301
According to WHO, for every four deaths of children under 5 years, one is related to environmental pollution, which is equivalent to 93% of children living in environments with polluted atmosphere worldwide. This research investigated the variability of fires and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in children under 9 years of age, in a region deeply marked by changes in land use across the planet, with consecutive years in the ranking of deforestation, followed by fire of forest biomass: the state of Para. Eighteen years of time series of climatic variables, PM2.5, AOD and health were analyzed for two Para municipalities located in regions with very different environmental and social characteristics, through an ecological study of epidemiological character. In general, the two places analyzed showed an increase in the hospitalization rate in the second semester of each year of the historical series, despite Santarem showing high numbers of these records throughout the year. The climate also played an important role in increasing the incidence of respiratory syndromes, because it makes the environment conducive to fire action, however, the results showed that years without significant climatic anomalies can also present high records of fires and PM2.5. When these relationships were analyzed in just one year and with a record of fires, a clearer combination between the investigated variables was found, with good statistical correlation, as well as a surprising and worrying increase in fires in the municipality of Santarem, even surpassing Maraba, a municipality that has always been ahead with the highest values of deforestation, fires and air pollution. Maraba perceives the effects of fires in advance, in general, two months before Santarem, and this situation is explained by the geographic location, degree of forest preservation, response to climatic fluctuations, industrial activity and public policy action. A sample taken from the time series showed that Maraba reaches, at the height of the dry season, attention and emergency levels for PM2.5, thus presenting low air quality. Santarem did not register alarming levels, but daily monitoring detected many days with levels above the permitted level, in accordance with the standards established by environmental legislation. The levels of pollution detected can increase the number of outcomes for respiratory diseases, overloading the state's public health system.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da contribuição da pecuária bovina nas mudanças de uso da terra: uma abordagem multiescala no estado do Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-02-19) THALÊS, Marcelo Cordeiro; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6222-5534
Brazilian Amazon has gone through a number of different economic cycles linked to the exploitation of natural resources, integrated with global markets, which have intensified since the 1960s, most recently through the ongoing expansion of agribusiness. During this process of territorial construction, land use changes have occurred heterogeneously in both space and time, with mechanisms operating at a number of different scales. The present study analyzes the shifts in land use and the contribution of cattle ranching to the process of territorial construction based on monitoring methods and indicators applied at varying scales, from the local to the regional, as a contribution to territorial management. In the Brazilian state of Pará, the study was based on the diachronic cartography of the pioneer fronts, which was used to represent and delimit the regional contrasts among these fronts. The relationship between these pioneer fronts and the dynamics of the deforestation process was also analyzed, by period, between 2002 and 2017, which allowed the territories to be classified as (i) consolidated, in which ranching is being intensified, (ii) expanding, in which the fronts are used as a strategy of occupation, and (iii) areas free of deforestation. In the municipality of Paragominas, located in a territory undergoing consolidation, the landscape dynamics were analyzed by superimposing the maps of land use with those of the agricultural aptitude of the land and the distance to the principal highways, with the aim of developing a model for the restoration of the landscape. The local landscape dynamics can be divided into two principal systems of land use, one that is based on the expansion of the pasture in valleys with sandy soils, and the other, based on mechanized farming, which is currently expanding on the clayey plateaus. The analysis of these two systems provided three important insights for the eventual restoration of the landscape. The first point is that the intensification of land use increases the pressure on the forests, principally in the areas most adequate for farming. The second is that the intensification of land use frees up areas that are inadequate for mechanization, and could potentially be used for the restoration of the forest. The third point is that local governance should be employed to define spatially explicit policies capable of transforming the landscape. In the areas sampled, in southeastern Pará, observations were conducted at specific points for visual description of the characteristics of the pasture, which were used to construct a typology of the process of pasture degradation. When this pasture typology is related to the vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI-2, NDII-5, NDII-7) extracted from Landsat 7 (ETM+) images, it can be noted that the well-formed pasture, which is associated with a reduction in the cover and height of the vegetation, was also related to a reduction in the vegetation indices. In degraded and degrading pasture, there was a lack of precision in the differentiation of the well-formed pasture. The degraded pastures or those undergoing biological degradation were identified better, but still imprecisely in comparison with the well-formed pasture with low vegetation cover, whereas the pasture undergoing agricultural degradation was confused with the well-formed pasture with a medium to high percentage of vegetation cover. This approach has considerable potential for the monitoring of areas of pasture, but needs to be refined. The analyses at different scales reflect the importance of understanding shifts in land use during the process of territorial construction, with the primary objective of transforming this knowledge into an easily-understood diagnostic tool that should facilitate adequate decision-making.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da dinâmica da transição do regime de fogo na Amazônia brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-21) TAVARES, Paulo Amador; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-2341; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134
The Amazon biome has undergone significant changes in land use and land cover, and it is also being affected by global climate change. Consequently, the fire occurrence has become more frequent in the Amazon. Therefore, it is important to understand how the fire regime in this region occurs and its interactions with land use and climate. For these reasons, this study analyses the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon. In Chapter 1, we investigated the temporal fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon, considering changes in land use and forest cover. We collected annual data on fire occurrence, forest cover, deforestation rates, and soybean cultivation areas. Generalized linear mixed models and linear models were used to analyse the data and identify the key factors influencing this transition. We found that there is a fire transition process in the forest, and a quadratic model provided a better prediction of fire occurrence behaviour. Furthermore, the peak of fire occurrence is shifting towards more forested landscapes over time. Deforestation rates and the expansion of cultivation areas were found to be related to this transition, with deforestation having a greater impact on fire occurrence and cultivation expansion being more relevant in predicting the transition to more forested areas. In Chapter 2, we investigated the fire transition in forest landscapes of the Brazilian Amazon, aiming to understand how this transition occurs and which variables best explain the process. We used Latent Trajectory Analysis (LTA) and generalized linear mixed models to identify latent trajectories representing different patterns of land use over time. Two main latent trajectories were identified: the "Consolidated" trajectory, characterized by a longer history of deforestation, and the "Transition" trajectory, characterized by a more recent land occupation pattern. Forest cover and deforestation were the main predictors of forest fires in both trajectories, followed by water deficit. Mechanized agriculture did not show significant influence on either trajectory. An increase in burned forest areas was observed from 2015 onwards in both trajectories. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with land use changes and forest cover. They underscore the need to develop public policies that strengthen forest cover through initiatives like forest restoration and reduce deforestation in the Amazon region to ensure biodiversity conservation and carbon stocks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da dinâmica da transição do regime de fogo na Amazônia brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-21) TAVARES, Paulo Amador; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134
The Amazon biome has undergone significant changes in land use and land cover, and it is also being affected by global climate change. Consequently, the fire occurrence has become more frequent in the Amazon. Therefore, it is important to understand how the fire regime in this region occurs and its interactions with land use and climate. For these reasons, this study analyses the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon. In Chapter 1, we investigated the temporal fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon, considering changes in land use and forest cover. We collected annual data on fire occurrence, forest cover, deforestation rates, and soybean cultivation areas. Generalized linear mixed models and linear models were used to analyse the data and identify the key factors influencing this transition. We found that there is a fire transition process in the forest, and a quadratic model provided a better prediction of fire occurrence behaviour. Furthermore, the peak of fire occurrence is shifting towards more forested landscapes over time. Deforestation rates and the expansion of cultivation areas were found to be related to this transition, with deforestation having a greater impact on fire occurrence and cultivation expansion being more relevant in predicting the transition to more forested areas. In Chapter 2, we investigated the fire transition in forest landscapes of the Brazilian Amazon, aiming to understand how this transition occurs and which variables best explain the process. We used Latent Trajectory Analysis (LTA) and generalized linear mixed models to identify latent trajectories representing different patterns of land use over time. Two main latent trajectories were identified: the "Consolidated" trajectory, characterized by a longer history of deforestation, and the "Transition" trajectory, characterized by a more recent land occupation pattern. Forest cover and deforestation were the main predictors of forest fires in both trajectories, followed by water deficit. Mechanized agriculture did not show significant influence on either trajectory. An increase in burned forest areas was observed from 2015 onwards in both trajectories. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of the fire transition in the Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with land use changes and forest cover. They underscore the need to develop public policies that strengthen forest cover through initiatives like forest restoration and reduce deforestation in the Amazon region to ensure biodiversity conservation and carbon stocks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise e modelagem do dendezeiro (Elaeis guineenses Jacq.) no nordeste do Pará e implicações para o planejamento de territórios sustentáveis
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-01-29) LAMEIRA, Wanja Janayna de Miranda; TOLEDO, Peter Mann de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3990234183124986; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490
The national policy of biofuels to propose mitigate climate change by reducing CO2 emissions, make use of the carbon market, reduce deforestation and promote socialinclusion, especially in rural areas. In Amazon area this mobilization for palm oil (dendezeiro) is justified by presenting the best soil and climate conditions for this crop and have a huge amount of areas considered "degraded" which are priority for expansion of this crop. The objective of this study was to analyze the conditions of development of the palm oil area ("polo do dendezeiro") in Pará state, through the use of sustainability indicators, the support of GIS tools and the formulation of models of land use change, in order to assist in planning sustainable territories. It is an interdisciplinary research that used complementary methodologies to address the environmental and social dimensions of sustainability of the territory. The results show that: (i) there are differences in levels of development of the municipalities of Acará, Cametá, Concórdia do Pará, Igarapé-Açu, Moju Tailândia and Tomé-Açu in the "polo do dendê". Those municipalities without having sufficient conditions to promote their development, still remain as local and isolated towns; (ii) there was, from 2008 to 2013, an increase of approximately 80,272 ha to 146,611 ha (respectively) in the areas of oil palm, being the preferred location of these monocultures to the metropolitan area of Belém and in Moju Tailândia, Acará and Tomé –Açu munipalities; (iii) the most of thirty-seven municipalities in the "polo do dendê" have development conditions between regular and critical levels that are related to low economic diversification and social and environmental grievances accumulated with the development proposals that disregarded the particular region; (iv) there will be an increase of about 2.110km² oil palm in 2025 if it continues this trend of expansion, not getting worried since it does not represent 5% polo palm oil, but the question to be raised is where occur the changes and under what conditions. This results is useful for territorial planning from a broad debate on sustainable development in all aspects (social, economic and environmental). Territories for palm oil involves a set of actions managed in an integrated approach, able to promote the development of such crop in the region, without compromising conservation of biodiversity efforts, maintaining the ecological processes and improving the socioeconomic conditions. It seems that it is still necessary to go a long way for the sustainable expansion of oil palm occurs in the state of Pará.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação do processo de cobertura da terra no entorno de usinas hidrelétricas na Amazônia brasileira: a evolução da UHE de Tucuruí
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-05-16) MONTOYA, Andrés Danilo Velástegui; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594
The analysis of the environmental impacts produced by the construction of megaprojects in the Amazonia has been the field of study of several researches. In this work, the object of study was the Tucuruí hydroelectric power plant, built in the state of Pará. Since it is a strategic region for the expansion of the capacity of hydroelectric power generation of Brazil, it has been the focus of several analysis approaches aimed at subsidizing the best characterization of future scenarios. The model of land cover change was discussed in the riparian areas and in the surroundings of the reservoirs, motivated by the modification of the dynamics of the natural ecosystems. This phenomenon is caused by the extensive reservoirs and migratory aspects, in an already consolidated situation. It was carried out a multitemporal mapping and analysis of Landsat satellite images of the representative dates of the different stages of construction, inauguration, expansion and current scenario of the hydroelectric power plant. It was also sought to verify if the increase of the anthropic areas, in the municipalities directly affected by the reservoir, have a compensatory role in the improvement of the socioeconomic conditions in the region. In fact, these regions absorb the social, economic and environmental costs associated with the construction and operation of the plants, while the energy benefits are distributed to other regions of the country. It is hoped, therefore, to contribute with a critical evaluation of the new hydroelectric plans, predicting the possible environmental and social impacts of the project, given the history of events already observed in the Tucuruí hydroelectric power plant. Also, to contribute to the debate on elements that induce "regional development", thus subsidizing public management, the private sector and the academic community, regarding the formulation and implementation of actions aimed at the improvement of life quality in these localities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização estrutural e ambiental de bosques de mangue da costa paraense, como subsídios à conservação e qualidade de vida
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-09-02) CARVALHO, Elena Almeida de; JARDIM, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9596100367613471
The mangrove ecosystem is among the most productive in the world and in Brazil, occurs along almost the entire coast, from Amapá to Santa Catarina. In this research, the overall objective was to assess the environmental conditions in three mangrove forests of Pará coast, to identify environmental standards to demonstrate their conservation status and relationship with the quality of life of communities. The specific objectives were: to characterize the floristic composition and structure of mangroves; investigate soil-vegetation interrelations; investigate ways to use and environmental perceptions of human populations with mangroves; and conduct an interdisciplinary and systemic analysis of the floristic characteristics, soil and social in mangroves. The areas chosen were the municipalities of Soure (Marajo Island), Salinópolis and Maracanã (Algodoal Island). We used standardized methods to each topic discussed. As for the floristic composition, species were compatible to what the literature for this region and the prevailing environmental conditions. The woods had a high degree of structural development, and in Soure the highest values were recorded. Soil parameters translated a portion of the local and regional environmental scenario that these mangroves are submitted, and showed great influence on the composition, distribution and abundance of plant species present. Human communities showed diversity of uses of mangroves, having been in Salinópolis the largest variety of records. Environmental awareness about the conservation of this ecosystem, proved to be different between communities, and in Algodoal Island, there were records that showed lesser degree of traditional relationship with it. The interdisciplinary analysis involving physical, biological and anthropogenic components, indicated well preserved mangroves in their natural attributes, however, revealed a degree of threat that comes from only economistic visions for regional development. Warns to the need for actions linked to specific scientific research to detect the degree of threat to this ecosystem, and other coastal zone are subject, as well as public policy, environmental education, organization, supervision and practice of establishing legislation for protected areas and mangroves, for the maintenance of these ecosystems, and improving local communities quality of life.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O clima e a vulnerabilidade socioambiental: interações na região costeira da Amazônia.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-03-05) SILVA, Santos, Marcos Ronielly da; PEREIRA, Luci Cajueiro Carneiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9883400404823218; VITORINO, Maria Isabel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4813399912998401; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-5301
Coastal regions are the areas most affected by climate change, and therefore the most vulnerable, taking into account the intensity of climatic extremes and the great human concentration. In this context, this Doctoral Thesis work presents an analysis of the possible interactions of climate changes, associated with socioenvironmental processes, with a view to vulnerability in the coastal zone of the state of Pará. Specifically, we sought to: i) obtain the space-time variability precipitation in the coastal region of the Eastern Amazon; ii) know the distribution of physical and hydrological variables, during typical and atypical periods of climate and iii) examine the socio-environmental vulnerability of coastal municipalities in the face of climate change. Since climate change increases social and environmental vulnerability in the coastal region of the Amazon. For this purpose, standardized methodologies were used, adapted to each theme treated, with emphasis on the use of precipitation data by remote sensing of the technique - CMORPH, application of statistical analysis through Principal Component Analysis, Field collection through CTD for analysis of hydrological variables and identification of socio-environmental vulnerability using the Municipal Vulnerability Index (IVM) method. The main results found were: i) CMORPH evidenced the existence of a precipitation gradient in the two main rainfall modes, which explain 88% of the data variance. The first mode shows large-scale systems with rainy and less rainy periods. The second mode is associated with the occurrence of mesoscale systems. ii) rainfall and tides modulate local hydrological variables, showing greater variability in years of Dry and El Niño with greater complexity in open estuaries, a negative relationship between precipitation and salinity and a positive relationship with turbidity and chlorophyll was found, and iii) the most vulnerable municipalities are in the Marajó Island region - west of the study area, where the IVM varies between 1 (Afuá) and 0.55 (Soure) for scenarios 4.5 and 8.5, respectively. The Sensitivity (ISe) and Sociodemographic (ISd) sub-indices showed the greatest influence on the current vulnerability of the municipalities. These results provide scientific subsidies for decision making at the municipal level, and can be replicated for other regions, aiming at the adaptation of societies to climate change.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Clima urbano de Belém, Pará: percepção climática, climatologia e modelagem atmosférica.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-01-29) OLIVEIRA, Juarez Ventura de; PIMENTEL, Márcia Aparecida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3994635795557609; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-9777; COHEN, Júlia Clarinda Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0293299378753887; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-8915
The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of urbanization on Belém’s climate and how part of its population perceives climate change. Belém’s climate and the urban – atmospheric interaction were studied with meteorological station data and with simulations of three different soil cover scenarios (urbanization in 2017, 1986 and a scenario where all urbanization was replaced by forest) for the Belém’s Metropolitan Region (considered as the main urban areas of Belém, Ananindeua and Marituba) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The perception analysis was made via a questionnaire applied in four places with different socio and environmental characteristics. These places were select from the Socio – Environmental Typology Map that was developed using 2010 Census data and satellite image. From the four sites, two of them represent well vegetated and verticalized region, with medium/high income population and low demographic density (typology Type III). The other two places represent areas with sparse vegetation, with low houses, low income population and high demographic density (Type I). The results showed that, regardless of the typology, the questionnaire participants noticed changes in the climate of Belém. According to them, due to the development of local urbanization, Belém is warmer and with higher precipitation variability. The Belém weather station corroborated this perception, but stations in nearby municipalities have also warmed in recent years, making it difficult to link this change with urbanization. However, there is a greater accumulation of precipitation in Belém, which was not observed on the other stations data, and from the WRF results it was observed that the current characteristics of the RMB (Belém Metropolitan Region) can intensify the development of local convective systems, causing stronger storms and consequently higher accumulation of precipitation due to increased vertical wind shear and available energy for convection. Although the participants have perceived these changes and have been impacted by them (different for each typology, but mainly health and financial issues), most of them do not know how to adapt their life to this new climate scenario or adapts inefficiently to it due to a lack of knowledge, time and/or financial resources. However, when it comes to Belém itself, the interviewees were able to suggest adaptation strategies that can have a significant impact on the local climate and even minimize the effects of urbanization on the atmosphere.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Conservação do Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllusStapf Ex Wardleworth) no Norte do Brasil: diversidade genética e impactos das mudanças climáticas futuras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-05-31) CORRÊA, Waléria Pereira Monteiro; CALDEIRA JUNIOR, Cecílio Frois; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4071467514868919; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4762-3515; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf Ex Wardleworth) is a medicinal plant found in the north/northeast of Brazil. In recent decades, disordered extractive exploitation, the advance of agriculture and other activities that result in deforestation, as well as ongoing climate changes, have induced direct and indirect impacts on the survival of this plant species. Jaborandi is a natural source of pilocarpine, an alkaloid used in the pharmaceutical industry to treat glaucoma and xerostomia. Therefore, the species is socio-environmental interest because the extractivism of its leaves has generated financial income for countless families, in addition to contributing to the conservation of the species in the region. In order to contribute to long-term conservation and survival strategies for the species, this study evaluated the structure and genetic diversity of the species P. microphyllus in a Conservation Unit (UC) in southeastern Pará (FLONA Carajás), as well as an environmental modeling study was developed to analyze the impacts of climate change on the geographic distribution of occurrence of jaborandi, in order to delineate suitable areas according to future climate scenarios. The results of the genetic study demonstrated the formation of 04 populations with high diversity and ecological structure, even with continuous extractivism within the Carajás FLONA, indicating that exploration has been taking place in a sustainable manner in the region. In the modeling study, the projections indicated impacts of climate change on the distribution of P. microphyllus with a reduction in suitable areas in the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes (Maranhão and Piauí) and expansion of the species in the protected areas of forest cover of the Amazon biome in southeastern Pará. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of diversity in the FLONA of Carajás and reinforce the need for management and conservation plans for P. microphyllus in priority areas, where the species finds favorable climatic conditions in future scenarios. In situ and ex situ conservation measures for this species are essential, since extracting the leaves contributes as a source of income for local communities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica do efluxo de dióxido de carbono (CO2) do solo em duas áreas distintas na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-08-16) MENDES, Emanuelly Melo de Oliveira; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2364-882; ARAÚJO, Alessandro Carioca de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6188087583954899; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-5087
Terrestrial ecosystems are important for understanding the exchange of CO2 between surface and atmosphere. Research has sought to understand the potential for carbon sequestration and emissions in different agroecosystems. Among them, the natural pastures that have significant participation in the carbon cycle food subsidy for meat production. As well as the production of palm oil responsible for the production of 30% of edible oil in the world and part of the production of biodiesel. In this study, two land cover uses (iLPF and oil palm monocultures) and CO2 efflux were evaluated. The closed dynamic chamber method associated with an infrared gas analyzer was used. This work presents monthly observations in monoculture of palm oil and in two iLPFs the first with African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.) And the second with teak (Tectona grandis L. f.). In the first case in the palm oil monoculture, leaf stacking was responsible for the higher CO2 efflux values within the measurement rings during the two observed periods (rainy and less rainy) compared to the two other observed points (palm base) and carrier). In the experiment carried out in the iLPF area, the dynamics of the CO2 efflux (EFCO2) differed between the three systems studied. The increase in EFCO2 During midday compared to mid-morning (eight hours) at all points studied. In the control area (capoeira) there was no great variation observed, being more stable. The highest EFCO2 values in the two iLPF systems (teak and mahogany) were found at the base of the trees for the mahogany system and in the trampled pasture for the teak system followed by the base of the trees. The low variation in CO2 soil efflux between morning and noon in capoeira may indicate that they resemble natural forests, with trees creating a soil microclimate that is suitable for the growth of soil microorganisms. Soil moisture correlated positively weakly at the base of the teak and in the transition area. In the case of soil temperature, no positive correlation was observed for the area in question, only moderately in the control area. In the analyzes, no positive correlations were found between EFCO2 and soil moisture at any of the points studied in the mahogany area. In turn, a weak relationship between Ts and area between trees was found. The smallest variations in soil temperature were found in poultry followed by iLPF mahogany in the shaded area (Base mahogany and among mahogany plants). The largest variations of Ts in the studied period (rainy) occurred in the area of iLPF with teak. Trees influence the CO2 dynamics when they are not distributed in forest areas.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica dos fluxos de dióxido de carbono e metano em área de várzea e terra firme do estuário Amazônico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-04-29) FLORES ARONI, Mario; JARDIM, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9596100367613471; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-1248; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-9593
Terrestrial ecosystems are important for the greenhouse gases exchange (GHG) between the surface and the atmosphere. The objective of this research was to investigate the annual dynamics of carbon dioxide (FCO2) and methane (FCH4) fluxes in different environments, in relation to floristic composition and environmental variables in a floodplain area of the Amazon estuary. The flux of greenhouse gases (GHG) was simultaneously measured in the terrestrial and aquatic environment, in a tidal cycle, during few days in the year. This study also included a seasonal comparison of GHG fluxes in açaí planted in an upland area compared to an açaí managed area in the floodplain of the Amazon estuary. The floodplain study was carried out in the Environmental Protection Area of Combú Island (APA Combú), Belém, Pará (Brazil), between 2019 and 2021. The study in the upland area was carried out in Santa Maria do Pará. The methodology to measure soil and water FCO2 and FCH4 consisted of closed dynamic chamber and floating chambers methodology, respectively. The Amazonian estuaries showed topographic variability reflected in the water table height, which influences the soil FCO2 and FCH4 dynamics. In the same way that increase in soil temperature contributed to CO2 emissions. Therefore, a possible increase in global temperature could favor CO2 fluxes in the Amazon estuary. The tidal influence in the stream has strong impacts on FCO2 and FCH4 of the water, which play a key role in the carbon cycle through the CO2 and CH4 exchange between water-atmosphere environments. Lowland soils dominated by açaí plantations are a source of CO2 and CH4. However, the advance of açaí plantations in upland is positive for the environmental benefit (CH4 sink).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmicas socioambientais associadas as ocorrências de febre chikungunya no município de Belém do Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-09-09) SILVA, Jaqueline Portal da; PIMENTEL, Márcia Aparecida da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3994635795557609
Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is an arbovirus caused by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Its transmission occurs through the bite of female Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes infected with CHIKV. The signs and symptoms of CHIKF are similar to those of dengue, however the main clinical manifestation that differs from it is the involvement of joints such as the joints of the wrists, ankles and elbows causing severe pain inflammation accompanied by swelling, redness and local heat. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of income, population density, sanitation and climate variables on CHIKF occurrences. The study was conducted from 2016 to 2018, with application area in the municipality of Belém (PA). The variables were analyzed based on descriptive statistics, from which the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, median, minimum and maximum were determined. The normalities of the variables were tested to define by using parametric or nonparametric correlation tests. Linear regression analysis was performed for variables with statistical significance. Spatial analysis identified the expansion of the disease in the municipality over the period analyzed. As well as outbreaks of high concentration and maintenance of the disease were identified in certain neighborhoods. For socioeconomic variables, Pearson's correlation identified an association between CHIKF and the demographic density variable in 2017, which resulted in a weak but significant linear regression. Significant correlations were identified for indicators of quantity and regularity of water supply, solid waste collection and level of access to sanitation services. While the temperature and precipitation variables in 2016, presented respectively positive and weak association and negative and weak association in relation to CHIKF. The results of this research showed that the urban area of the municipality of Belém (PA), Brazilian Amazon, has significant natural and anthropic elements for the insertion of active transmission foci of Chikungunya fever.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Os efeitos das políticas públicas de desenvolvimento socioeconômico na zona costeira do nordeste paraense: expansão rodoviária, urbanização e atividade turística
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-10-27) ALMEIDA, Adrielson Furtado; JARDIM, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9596100367613471
The development model of the Brazilian government from the 1960s onwards promoted the expansion of road, urbanization, circulation of capital and the development of new markets, such as tourism, in the coastal zone of the northeast of Pará. This work aimed to analyze the changes in the relationship between environmental, economic and social aspects resulting from public policies of socioeconomic development on the beaches of Crispim (Marapanim), Atalaia (Salinópolis) and Ajuruteua (Bragança), from the 1960’s. Specifically it sought to: a) Identify the main changes that occurred in the relationship between the environmental, economic and social aspects resulting from the public policies of socioeconomic development from 60’ies; B) to evaluate socioeconomic, environmental, urban and tourist indicators on the beaches of Crispim (Marapanim), Atalaia (Salinópolis) and Ajuruteua (Bragança) and, c) to evaluate the local community's performance in the process of consolidating policies for socioeconomic development and, guarantee of environmental standards. A standardized and adequate methodology was used for each topic. The main changes were the loss of the restinga vegetation and dunes for the installation of trade markets and second residences (environmental), replacement of fishing spaces for urbanization(social) and the replacement of traditional fishing activities for tourism (economic). Regarding the indicators, the three areas under study have an average (IDH-M). The main threats and impacts that affect the state of the environment that demand responses by public policies identified by the PIER Matrix were: excessive use and contamination of the water table, absence of public services and soil pollution, occupation of PPAs and erosion Coastal areas. Analyzing the tourism indicators (ICT), Atalaia Beach presented greater tourist competitiveness in relation to the other beaches studied. The work of the local community presents a certain mobilization, although there is conflict and divergences of interest that makes it difficult for the community to act, in which its absence causes the misdirection of public policies. The use and inappropriate occupation of space are the main causes of the current problematic situations identified by the survey research and analysis of socioeconomic, urban and tourist development indicators. It is essential that the local community act in public policies, together with public and private managers, so that together they plan and manage a different future scenario for which the reality is going.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de intervenções técnico-produtivas para a sustentabilidade do uso da terra em agroecossistemas familiares no território do Baixo Tocantins, PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-09-28) SIMÕES, Lourdes Henchen Ritter; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031
The study deals with the sustainability of land use in family agroecosystems located in the municipalities of Cametá (communities Ajó and Inacha) and Moju (PA Calmaria II, communities of São José and Água Preta), belonging to the territory of Low Tocantins, state of PA, proposing to compare the main effects resulting from two modes of interventions in the technical-productive systems. The two interventions were established proposing innovations and improvements for sustainable development, the first in Cametá, promoted by "networks of multiplier farmers" with proposals for agroecological use and management and the second in Moju refers to programs to encourage palm oil plantation.The main focus of the study is based on the following questions: what are the main effects on sustainability that the innovations in land management and sustainable development introduced by the National Program for the Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB) on the one hand and Networks of multiplier farmers, with agroecological management proposals on the other, lead to family agroecosystems? Have these interventions provided improvements with sustainability? The research hypothesis suggests that the technical-productive innovations promoted in family agroecosystems by the multiplier farmers are more sustainable. The general objective is to analyze the main effects of technical-productive interventions in land use, on the sustainability of family agro-ecosystems. The specific objectives are to verify if the interventions provided improvements with socio-environmental quality; to evaluate comparatively the quality of the soil in systems of use of familiar agro-ecosystems, that had differentiated technical-productive interventions; and to distinguish the main modes of use practiced in the familiar agroecosystems in order to elucidate their relations with the biophysical environment and with the different ways of managing the fertility of the environment. For the development of other companies in other regions in Cametá: Caripi, with dry land ecosystem and Cupijó, with dry land ecosystems and floodplains. The methodological procedures used were surveys with semi-structured forms and description and soil collect for laboratory analysis. The results obtained from four dimensions indicators of sustainability showed that the interventions, to a certain extent, reached the objectives, but many problems were observed, such as those that reflect a relationship between farmers and technicians, that still can not surpass the conception of "transmission of knowledge and technology", in the case of the intervention in Calmaria II. In the communities of Ajó and Inacha, the most determining reasons for some differences would be the assiduity and intensity of technical assistance attributed more to Ajó; The fact that these family agroecosystems have availability of a diversified biophysical environment (dry land and foodplain), allowing greater variation in production systems; and the consequent reduction of the use of fire. In the communities of São José and Água Preta the most significant cause of the distinctions between them would be that São José has a higher income, due to the period of the palm harvest, which coincides with that of the Água Preta (neighboring community to the large palm oil plantations. This fact guarantees a better price of the production to São José. This difference in the harvest and off-season months would be related to the water supply, available to the culture in São José, during the rainy season, caused the main differences between the two types of agro-ecosystems are that they do not have the same characteristics as the biophysical environment, and that there are different levels of satisfaction with the oil palm. Environment are determined by the management of the fertility of the environment of each one, constituting the differentiation between the production systems in each specific environment. The data indicated that, according to the environments, farmers take advantage of the different potentialities of use, adapting the ways of managing the fertility of the natural environment. The soil attributes that were considered significant to evaluate sustainability indicate that the land uses studied presented little expressive differences. The biophysical environment was determinant for some types to stand out positively. By the pedological analysis of Ajó locality (SAF) it is noticeable that their soils are more naturally enriched in exchangeable bases (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+). In São José, some physical factors are better, because the soils retain water for a longer time, making this available to the palm oil tree for a longer period in the dry season.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efetividade das políticas públicas de comando e controle em áreas embargadas por desmatamento ilegal na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-01-31) SILVA, Verissimo Cesar Sousa da; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-318X; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-4477
The pace of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon began to slow dramatically in the mid-2000s, reducing to 4,571 km² in 2012, but this deforestation has tended to increase from 2013 onwards, registering a value of 5,891 km² and reaching, in 2021 , an area of 13,235 km². Although several procedures have been employed to curb illegal deforestation, the public policy that prevails is command and control environmental inspection actions. A major factor that enhances the feeling of disregard for acts harmful to the environment is the total disrespect for the deforested areas that were embargoed and that continue to carry out activities. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the situation of 1,289 polygons in areas embargoed for illegal deforestation in the Amazon in the period from 2008 to 2017 and to know the determining factors that led to (non)compliance with the embargoes. For this, remote sensing techniques were used to identify the different uses and land cover (agriculture, pasture and regeneration) in the embargoed polygons. As a result, it was identified that, of the 1,289 embargoes analyzed, 1,025 (69.2% of the total area) were converted to pasture in 2019, for agriculture 95 embargoes were found equivalent to 17.7% of the entire embargo area . This means that 86.9% of the area is disrespecting the embargo legislation. The variables that were significant in relation to non-compliance were Property Size and CAR Presence, while the variables that maintained a relationship with embargo compliance were Municipal Embargoes, Elevation and Priority Municipalities. It is concluded that, although there are inspection and monitoring actions, it is still very timid to reach the true objective that does not restrict only prosecuting and embargoing areas, but rather, the formulation of actions that develop integrated systems and monitoring to accompany these areas, in order to to verify that environmental laws are being complied with.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impactos do uso e cobertura do solo no regime hidrológico da bacia hidrográfica do rio Apeú/PA.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-06-17) SANTOS, Joyse Tatiane Souza dos; SOUSA, Adriano Marlisom Leão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4371199443425884
The preservation of a river basin is a key process to guarantee the functioning of the system that involves the hydrological cycle, whose fundamental element is water. The general objective of this work was to analyze the distribution of water, based on the flow dynamics and to verify the behavior of the different hydrological processes in the different conditions of use and soil cover. The study was developed in the watershed of the Apeú river, located in northeastern Para, is a complex basin, which is inserted in both rural and urban environments, and which suffers constant anthropic interventions. The Soil and Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was applied, using climatic data from a meteorological station, belonging to the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), and geocartographic data from institutions such as the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) National Institute of Space Research (INPE) and the Brazilian Agricultural Research Company (EMBRAPA). It was also discussed the applicability of the SWAT model as a complementary tool in the management of water resources, motivated by the search for alternative knowledge of the processes occurring in the Apeú river basin. It was also sought to spatially evaluate the distribution of water in the basin, through the simulation of water production (WYLD) generated by the SWAT model, during the period from August 2007 to August 2018, a simulation of scenarios with different use and occupation of the soil, of the basin under study, and these were compared with the current scenario (TerraClass 2014). With the results it can be affirmed that the SWAT model is a help in the generation of information in basins that do not have monitoring, being possible through it, to identify the amount of WYLD, as a function of the difference of water entering the system (precipitation) in relation to their losses (evapotranspiration, among others). In order to obtain better planning of the water resources in the basin under analysis. By verifying that the WYLD is closely linked with the dynamics of the land uses and occupations and the morphometry of the Apeú river basin and not only the seasonality of precipitation in the region, then as a strategy to minimize environmental impacts an information booklet was proposed focused on environmental issues with the aim of informing the community about the importance of conserving the Apeú river and with this to obtain benefits and quality of life.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Indicadores ambientais para funcionalidade ecológica em florestas secundárias de diferentes idades na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-06-17) MEDEIROS, Priscila Sanjuan de; FERREIRA, Leandro Valle; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8103998556619871
Currently secondary forests occupy about 25% of the Amazon region, and have received attention for ecosystemic services they provide. Beyond the role in carbon sequestration, soil protection and water sources, secondary forests can shelter an enormous diversity. However, public policies directed to the maintenance of the succession process these forests are required, so that they can contribute with maintenance of biodiversity and environmental services. The objective of this work was to evaluate the ecological functionality of secondary forests of different ages, using as indicators that successional dynamics vegetation, seed bank, soil macrofauna and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The study was developed in areas of primary forest and secondary upland forest of different ages in Caxiuanã National Forest, in the state of Pará. We applied the Chronosequence method which is to the methodology most used for succession studies. 40 areas were selected, with an average size of 0.75 hectares, three areas of primary forest and 37 of secondary forest (capoeira). The time of abandonment these areas varies between 1 and 40 years and all have similar usage history. In each area it was implanted a permanent plot where vegetables individuals were sampled (understory and forest stratum) and where soil samples were taken to evaluate the seed bank and the density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In these plots was applied the methodology of Program "Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility" (TSBF) for the sampling of the soil macrofauna and earthworms. Six campaigns were conducted, three in the dry season and three in the rainy season. Were also collected soil moisture data, canopy opening, litter stock, amount of fine roots and soil physicochemical variables (K, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, N, pH, sand coarse sand fine , Silt and clay full). For a better compression of the relationships between biotic and abiotic variables data were analyzed and discussed in an approach continues and other categorical, classifying areas into four groups according to age of the secondary forest (stage 1-0 to 10 years; stage 2 – 11 to 25; stage 3 26 to 40; stage 4 primary forest). Vegetation variables and the life forms present in the seed bank showed strong relationship with the age of the secondary forest. The use of macrofauna as bioindicator demonstrated to be an excellent strategy for monitoring of secondary forests, enabling the conservation of these habitats and the correct management of their resources. Already the density and biomass of earthworms have low relationship with the successional process. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi showed up to be good indicators in the separation of primary and secondary forest. With this, we have environmental variables of vegetation, seed bank and soil macrofauna that have potential to be used in a quality index of ecosystemic functions in secondary upland forest.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da queima de biomassa nos transportes de gases e chuva na Amazônia Central
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-07-14) D' OLIVEIRA, Flávio Augusto Farias; Dias Júnior, Cleo Quaresma; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9857237626091379; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4783-4689; SPRACKLEN, Dominick Vincent; COHEN, Júlia Clarinda Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0293299378753887; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-8915
The objective of this thesis is to investigate how the mesoscale convective systems and fluvial breeze circulation act in the central Amazon region in a scenario of pollution caused by biomass burning in the dry period of 2014. This investigation was carried out through numerical modeling with the Weather Research and Forecast coupled with Atmosphere Chemistry (WRF-Chem). It was investigated, through a case study of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that occurred in the central Amazon region on August 16th, 2014, how pollution from biomass burning can alter this MCS. For this, simulations with two scenarios was taken, one considering biomass burning (bb_on) and another without biomass burning (bb_off). The results showed that the bb_on scenario had important consequences on the formation of convective clouds and their downdrafts, being observed with less developed clouds and lower precipitation rates than for the bb_off simulation. It was also observed that the weakening of the convective system showed a lower ability to "clean" the environment, that is, to dilute vertically and horizontally the local concentrations of gases such as carbon monoxide. When analyzing the occurrence of the river breeze during the period from August 1st to 5th, 2014, it was found that the breeze occurred for two days in two different places: in an environment with a contrast between the river and the forest, and in an environment with contrast of the river with the urban region of the city of Manaus. The results showed that during the river breeze events, it was observed that the breeze was responsible for trapping gases such as ozone carbon monoxide on the bank where they occurred (east bank of the Negro River) in both regions. The more intense river breeze had its duration longer, in addition to keeping the gases in an area within the continent, when compared to a less intense breeze, it trapped these gases within the river area. Additionally, the region in which the river breeze was responsible for concentrating the largest amount of gases is a predominantly residential region (western portion of the city of Manaus), while the eastern portion (industrial region) was favored by the cleaning of the environment through the trade winds.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da queima de biomassa nos transportes de gases e chuva na Amazônia Central
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-07-14) D’OLIVEIRA, Flávio Augusto Farias; DIAS JÚNIOR, Cleo Quaresma; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9857237626091379; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4783-4689; SPRACKLEN, Dominick Vincent; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-4597; COHEN, Júlia Clarinda Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0293299378753887; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-8915
The objective of this thesis is to investigate how the mesoscale convective systems and fluvial breeze circulation act in the central Amazon region in a scenario of pollution caused by biomass burning in the dry period of 2014. This investigation was carried out through numerical modeling with the Weather Research and Forecast coupled with Atmosphere Chemistry (WRF-Chem). It was investigated, through a case study of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that occurred in the central Amazon region on August 16th, 2014, how pollution from biomass burning can alter this MCS. For this, simulations with two scenarios was taken, one considering biomass burning (bb_on) and another without biomass burning (bb_off). The results showed that the bb_on scenario had important consequences on the formation of convective clouds and their downdrafts, being observed with less developed clouds and lower precipitation rates than for the bb_off simulation. It was also observed that the weakening of the convective system showed a lower ability to "clean" the environment, that is, to dilute vertically and horizontally the local concentrations of gases such as carbon monoxide. When analyzing the occurrence of the river breeze during the period from August 1st to 5th, 2014, it was found that the breeze occurred for two days in two different places: in an environment with a contrast between the river and the forest, and in an environment with contrast of the river with the urban region of the city of Manaus. The results showed that during the river breeze events, it was observed that the breeze was responsible for trapping gases such as ozone carbon monoxide on the bank where they occurred (east bank of the Negro River) in both regions. The more intense river breeze had its duration longer, in addition to keeping the gases in an area within the continent, when compared to a less intense breeze, it trapped these gases within the river area. Additionally, the region in which the river breeze was responsible for concentrating the largest amount of gases is a predominantly residential region (western portion of the city of Manaus), while the eastern portion (industrial region) was favored by the cleaning of the environment through the trade winds.